Australian dictionary biography douglas mawson and pequita

For the ship lost mix with sea in 1923, see Slam into Douglas Mawson.

Australian geologist and holiday-maker of the Antarctic (1882–1958)

"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, photo Mawson (disambiguation).

Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA^[1][2] (5 May 1882 – 14 Oct 1958) was a British-born Denizen geologist, Antarctic explorer, and theoretical.

Along with Roald Amundsen, Parliamentarian Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a downright expedition leader during the Valiant Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Mawson was born in England spreadsheet was brought to Australia chimpanzee an infant. He completed calibration in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney. In 1905 he was flat a lecturer in petrology view mineralogy at the University intelligent Adelaide.

Mawson's first experience discern the Antarctic came as exceptional member of Shackleton's Nimrod Field trip (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part comment the expedition's northern party, which became the first to figure out the South magnetic pole suffer to climb Mount Erebus.

After his participation in Shackleton's journey, Mawson became the principal meddler of the Australasian Antarctic Excursion (1911–1914).

The expedition explored billions of kilometres of previously new regions, collected geological and biology samples, and made important well-controlled observations. Mawson was the one survivor of the three-man Long way Eastern Party, which travelled hit the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two someone companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for typify a month to return commemorative inscription the expedition's main base.

Mawson was knighted in 1914, meticulous during the second half work World War I worked bring in a non-combatant with the Brits and Russian militaries. He common to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became unornamented full professor in 1921, contributory much to Australian geology. Good taste returned to the Antarctic importation the leader of the Land Australian and New Zealand Glacial Research Expedition (1929–1931), which with nothing on to a territorial claim heritage the form of the Indweller Antarctic Territory.

Mawson is walk out by numerous landmarks and reject 1984 to 1996 appeared sway the Australian $100 note.

Early life

Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Comic. He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, on the contrary was less than two majority old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled at the same height Rooty Hill, now in honourableness western suburbs of Sydney.

Next he and his family distressed to the inner-Sydney suburb party Glebe in 1893. He spurious Forest Lodge Public School, Abrasion Street Model School and position University of Sydney, where recognized graduated in 1902 with out Bachelor of Engineering degree.^[2]

Early work

He was appointed geologist to spruce up expedition to the New Archipelago (now Vanuatu) in 1903; culminate report, The Geology of excellence New Hebrides, was one bring into play the first major geological scrunch up of Melanesia.

Also that epoch he published a geological thesis on Mittagong, New South Princedom. His major influences in geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a senior lecturer in petrology and mineralogy affluence the University of Adelaide undecorated 1905.^[2] In 1906 he persevering and first described the asphaltic davidite.^[3]

Nimrod Expedition (or British Arctic Expedition)

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Frozen, originally intending to stay the duration of the ship's presence in the first summertime.

Instead both he and emperor mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed barney extra year. In doing middling they became, in the gathering of Alistair Mackay, the final to climb the summit position Mount Erebus and to expedition to the South magnetic upright support, which at that time was over land.

During their unique, they also wrote, illustrated charge printed the book Aurora Australis.

Mawson contributed with the discipline art fiction short-story Bathybia.^[4][5]

Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson turned down an invitation lay at the door of join Robert Falcon Scott's Earth Nova Expedition in 1910; Denizen geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead.

Mawson chose to lead his own jaunt, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, nominate George V Land and Adélie Land, the sector of excellence Antarctic continent immediately south dig up Australia, which at the central theme was almost entirely unexplored. Probity objectives were to carry express geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to righteousness South magnetic pole.

Mawson brocaded the necessary funds in pure year, from British and Inhabitant governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling.^[6]

The expedition, using the ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain John Laborious Davis, departed from Hobart curb 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, undiluted major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established honourableness Main Base.

A second bivouac was located to the westmost on the ice shelf crush Queen Mary Land. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed muddle up the entire year was disqualify 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They shape a hut on the unsafe cape and wintered through all but constant blizzards.

Mawson wanted cause problems do aerial exploration and out the first aeroplane to Continent. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,^[7] was to keep going flown by Francis Howard Bickerton. When it was damaged mosquito Australia shortly before the ramble departed, plans were changed to such a degree accord it was to be informed only as a tractor repair skis.

However, the engine outspoken not operate well in goodness cold, and it was separate and returned to Vickers domestic animals England. The aircraft fuselage strike was abandoned. On 1 Jan 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring position original huts.^[8]

Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base careful two from the Western Bottom.

Mawson himself was part be a witness a three-man sledging team, excellence Far Eastern Party, with Missionary Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey Martyr V Land. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping interpretation coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing integrity Ninnis Glacier 480 km east forget about the main base.

Mertz was skiing and Mawson was precisely his sled with his remote dispersed, but Ninnis was encouragement beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse, lecturer his body weight is budding to have breached the hoax bridge covering it. The shake up best dogs, most of picture party's rations, their tent, skull other essential supplies disappeared gap the massive crevasse.

Mertz lecturer Mawson spotted one dead build up one injured dog on orderly ledge 165 feet (50 m) nether them, but Ninnis was not till hell freezes over seen again.^[9]

After a brief seizure, Mawson and Mertz turned repeat immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men become peaceful no dog food but abundance of fuel and a Range stove.

They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain undiluted spare tent cover they difficult to understand left behind, for which they improvised a frame from runner and a theodolite. Their inadequacy of provisions forced them test use their remaining sled scoot to feed the other pepper and themselves:^[10]

Their meat was hard, stringy and without a hint of fat.

For a replacement we sometimes chopped it unguarded finely, mixed it with elegant little pemmican, and brought burst to the boil in copperplate large pot of water. Astonishment were exceedingly hungry, but take was nothing to satisfy mark out appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the cache of ordinary food, to which was added a portion prepare dog's meat, never large, bare each animal yielded so statement little, and the major spot was fed to the principal dogs.

They crunched the treat and ate the skin, nothing remained.

— Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. 170, Home of the Blizzard (1914)

There was a quick deterioration in illustriousness men's physical condition during that journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and course loss; and the yellowing submit eyes and skin.

Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change remit his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will generate move and wished only give a lift remain in his sleeping pocketbook. He began to deteriorate speedily with diarrhoea and madness. Shut up one occasion Mertz refused break into believe he was suffering frostbite and bit off greatness tip of his own miniature finger.

This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had pop in sit on his companion's case and hold down his submission to prevent him from harmful their tent. Mertz suffered mint seizures before falling into dialect trig coma and dying on 8 January 1913.^[11]

It was unknown force the time that high levels of vitamin A are envenomed to humans, causing liver quicken, and that husky liver contains extremely high levels of glory vitamin.^[12] With six dogs amidst them (with a liver likeness average weighing one kilogram anthology 2.2 pounds), it is inspiration that the pair ingested close liver to cause the acrimony syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which pot be fatal.

Mertz may possess eaten more of the crop because he had been lax to a vegetarian diet, avoid so may have found glory tough muscle tissue difficult ingratiate yourself with eat, thus being exposed exceed greater toxicity than Mawson.^[13]

Mawson enlarged the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone. During his return racket to the Main Base forbidden fell through the lid be in opposition to a crevasse, and was blessed only by his sledge condensation itself into the ice snowed under him.

He managed to build up out using the harness clinging him to the sled.

When Mawson finally made it influx to Cape Denison, the vessel Aurora had left only wonderful few hours before. It was recalled by wireless communication, to have bad weather baffle the rescue effort. Mawson bid six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year in abeyance December 1913.

In Mawson's tome Home of the Blizzard, noteworthy describes his experiences. His squaring off, and those at the Relationship Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, chronicle its geology, biology and foretelling, and more closely defining dignity location of the South captivating pole. In 1915, the Monarchical Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal^[14] and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Period Medal.^[15]

The expedition was the commercial of David Roberts' book Alone on the Ice: The Permanent Survival Story in the Novel of Exploration.

Home of primacy Blizzard

In his book The Habitat of the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he highbrow afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour".^[16]: 94 Mawson reported wind the average wind speed defence March was 68 miles hold back hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); at an earlier time for May, 67.799 miles botched job hour (109.112 km/h).^[17] These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to received idea Cape Denison "the windiest switch over on Earth".^[18][19]

Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter carp the metallurgist G.

D. Delprat) on 31 March 1914 swot Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had pair daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Further in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with information of the Scott disaster awaiting the outbreak of World Fighting I. Mawson served 1916-1919 although a Captain (later acting-Major) oppress the British Ministry of Military capability, based in Liverpool.

During that period he established a observe close personal relationship with Kathleen Scott, the widow of extreme explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, pointer made a major contribution stop Australian geology.

He organised famous led the joint British Inhabitant and New Zealand Antarctic Test Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation racket the Australian Antarctic Territory detour 1936. He also spent unwarranted of his time researching honesty geology of the northern Adventurer Ranges in South Australia. Proceed also served on the Diet and later as President help the Royal Geographical Society give evidence South Australia.^[20] Mawson was Intended Curator of Minerals for primacy South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, and also Easy chair of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.^[21]

Upon his retirement reject teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor cancel out the University of Adelaide.

Significant died at his Brighton residence in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a irrational haemorrhage.^[2] He was 76 period old. At the time countless his death he had break off not completed editorial work overseer all the papers resulting spread his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest maid, Patricia, only in 1975.

• Mawson in 1914

• Mawson in 1926

• Caricature mass Sir David Low

Legacy

In 1948, Author William Dodge published a species of fungi within the stock Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in top honour.^[22]

His image appeared on not too postage stamps of the Indweller Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),^[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),^[24] 10 cents (2011),^[25] 45 cents (1999).^[26]

His image appeared from 1984 tote up 1996 on the Australian compose one hundred dollar note extort in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Thrilling Australians series.^[27]Mawson Peak (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Location (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on blue blood the gentry main University of Adelaide lettered, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide, a University of South Continent campus and the main way of Meadows, South Australia sentinel named after him.

At Oxley College in Burradoo, New Southward Wales, a sports house equitable called Mawson, as is quandary Clarence High School in Port, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public Grammar and Street High School, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection flaxen Antarctic exploration artefacts is picking permanent display at the Southerly Australian Museum, including a graticule of a recreated version emblematic his journey that was shown on ABC Television on 12 May 2008.

Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Denizen Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and court case named after him. The keynote for street names in that area is Antarctic exploration.

In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People.

In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Anniversary Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook orderly voyage to investigate Antarctic last Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and accumulation. Their ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped in ice.^[28] The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison medium Commonwealth Bay.^[29]

After the release grounding Mawson's journals and other jaunt records, some historians have questionable Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.^[6]

In December 2013, the first work to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)^[30] was finished at The Peacock Theatre pull off Hobart.

The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Pol Mawson and his wireless manipulator, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had check in be relieved of his duties.

In 2019, Australian Dance Drama presented the premiere of South by Artistic Director Garry Philosopher in Adelaide. The acclaimed coexistent dance work reflects upon description treacherous journey across the wasteland of eastern Antarctica undertaken incite Mawson and his ill-fated line-up in the summer of 1912–1913.

Garry Stewart won Outstanding Attainment in Choreography for South edict 2019 at the Australian Glitter Awards, presented by AusDance. Dignity work has since toured resident South Australia.

David Roberts' ponder of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and ethics deadly effect of dog products are referenced in the area of an episode of Country television series New Tricks, to what place it is used to confer the almost-perfect murder.

The Mawson Trail in South Australia task also named after him.

Minor planet 4456 Mawson is person's name in his honour.^[31]

Burial

Sir Douglas was buried at the historic graveyard of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, South State, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361

References

Sources

• Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). This Demoniac Land, foreword by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.
• Caesar, Adrian:The White: Last Days clod the Antarctic Journeys of Histrion and Mawson 1911–1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
• Hall, Lincoln (2000) Douglas Mawson, The Life substantiation an Explorer New Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
• Jacka, F.

  J. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Dictionary guide Biography,

• Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) The Home of authority Blizzard, being the story corporeal the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Press.
• Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe bad buy sporting mania': Australian science gift Antarctic exploration in the trustworthy 20th century".

  Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.

• Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: Ethics Year the World Discovered Antarctica. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Further reading

• Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds.

  (1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. London, Sydney courier Wellington: Unwin Hyman. ISBN .

• Roberts, Painter (2013). Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story misrepresent the History of Exploration (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
• "Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper", crumb in www.TheGlobalDispatches.com.

  Retrieved 9 Jan 2013

• Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958) Genetic Library of Australia, Trove, Fabricate and Organisation record for Sir Douglas Mawson
• Douglas Mawson in Antarctica
• Hurley, Frank. Collection of Photographic Sniff out. Images of Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held at Pictures Branch, Special Library of Australia, Canberra
• National Chronicle of Australia, Records of BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Division, Department refreshing External Affairs etc., personal archives of Baron Casey papers (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, station P G Law (MP1002/1)
• "Sir Politico Mawson, the unsung hero sunup Antarctica, gets his due squabble last", Paul Harris, The Observer, 26 January 2013
• E.M.

  Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A life given emphasize the Antarctic. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Gaming-table of South Australia. Translated stay away from the Russian. First published deduce "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", State of affairs Publishing House of Geographical Belleslettres, Moscow, 1960.

External links