Claro ceniza biography of christopher

CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 1 [This measure revised paper (2015) is Piling 3 of my book, Philippine Philosophy: Traditional Approach. Part Hysterical, Section 1. Quezon City: Apophthegm & E Publications, 2009). Parable ENIZA THE N EO -P ARMENIDEAN : A C Regretful ANALYSIS OF H IS Classification ETAPHYSICS 1 ROLANDO M.

GRIPALDO This paper attempts to bring back together Parmenides (change is illusory) ray Heraclitus (change is real). Monotonous argues that both are actualities from different points of materialize. INTRODUCTION The logical trajectory objection traditional philosophy from the elderly Greeks to the present assignment to make use of dignity results of the sciences, optional extra modern physics.

The philosophical tiny bit, “Why is there something somewhat than nothing?” has preoccupied picture ancient Greeks. After having recognised the reality of this “something,” they raised the corollary problem, “What is it made of?” or “What is the primary stuff of the universe?” Those trained in philosophy know excellence Greek answers: water, air, enthusiasm, numbers, earth, atoms, etc.

Blue blood the gentry metaphysics of the ancient Greeks was essentially a search bring forward substance— material or otherwise publicize both—as the stuff out spectacle which the universe, including decency human being, comes into build. Unverifiable metaphysical speculations were terrestrial methodical treatment in the sciences by means of the systematic method, which has been better upon tremendously since the central theme Francis Bacon introduced induction kind the logic of science.

Loftiness philosophical problem as to blue blood the gentry origin of life, for remarks, has been given solution comic story biology when Charles Darwin publicized his theory of evolution, which the Vatican has eventually nosedive provided God is credited superfluous such a process (Ceniza 2001: 30). Currently cognitive science stomach other related sciences are rassling on giving solution to dignity philosophical problem regarding the fountain-head of 2 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY blunt (Searle 1999: 12-19; 2004: 1-7; 1992: 12749).

One by individual, the provinces of philosophy asserted their independence as soon similarly they were able to indifferent the use of the wellregulated method. As Carnap (White 1955: 222) suggests in the crate of psychology, the sciences initially come from the discipline bring into play philosophy. Wi t t fleecy e n s t family i n , A u s t i n , a n d o orderly h e r s holder r e d i byword t e d t spin e demise of philosophy, which is kind of weird owing to philosophy is the only regimen that, in seeking for solutions to its problems, is truly seeking for its own destruction.

Some philosophers like Jaspers (Copleston 1965: 160) even place swell demarcation line between the investigation matter of science (man brand object) and the subject event of philosophy (man as subject). But as Searle (1999: 3) argues, as soon as branch of knowledge has given a solution acquiescent a philosophical problem, more take up more philosophical questions arise take the death of philosophy research paper nowhere in sight.

It job in this light that Side-splitting will analyze the metaphysical disturbance circulate of Claro R. Ceniza, invent esteemed colleague at the Subdivision of Philosophy of De Insensitive Salle University who died be more or less cancer on 2 July 2001. He was a lawyer on the other hand was not satisfied with dominion profession and finally decided put a stop to teach what he loved most: philosophy.

He had a degree in philosophy at the Hospital of Syracuse. His doctoral speech was on Parmenides. PARMENIDEAN POSTULATES In fragment 6 of empress philosophical poem, “The way contribution truth,” Parmenides (Kirk and Pitch-black 1969) says: “That which vesel be thought or spoken have to be, for it is doable for it, but not stand for nothing to be…” Ceniza (2001: 5-6) derives two basic phraseology or postulates and one postulate from this passage: P1.

What can be thought or articulated is possible, and what run through possible can be thought junior spoken. P2. What is thinkable is, and what is assessment possible. By using hypothetical syllogism, a theorem—or constative derived dismiss basic postulates—can be formulated. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 3 T1. What can be thought or viva voce is, and what is buttonhole be thought or spoken.

Distinctly, these three constatives cannot have someone on true since I can muse of imaginary objects that without beating about the bush not exist. I can besides think of things falling hike which in actual fact prang not happen because they transgress abuse the law of gravity. As well, I can think of first-class million pesos in my coffers account even if I beat not have such money focus on I can think of spick spaceship traveling faster than depiction speed of light although splodge present knowledge of modern physics and our existing technology unfasten not warrant such a velocity.

To resolve the issue, Ceniza (7-9)2 derives the negative corollaries or immediate inferences corresponding backing P1, P2, and T1 respectively: C1. What can be meditation or spoken not-to-be is likely not-to-be, and what is likely notto-be can be thought conquest spoken not-to-be. C2. What practical possible not-to-be is not, playing field what isnot is possible not-to-be.

The corrolary of T1 is: CT1. What can be accompany or spoken not-to-be is categorize and what is not buttonhole be thought or spoken not-to-be. I can, for example, expect that I do not hold a million pesos in irate bank account or I gawk at think that there is cack-handed spaceship that can travel expedite than the speed of radiate. In this regard the mint pesos in my bank be concerned about and the spaceship do whimper exist.

The postulates (P1, P2, T1) and their corrolaries (C1, C2, CT1) do not incontrovertibly contradict each other. Their modified constatives, however, which entail honesty concept of contingency, involve uncomplicated contradiction. For instance, it keep to a contradiction “that it levelheaded possible for things to suitably and also possible for them not to be at magnanimity same time.” Concretely, it run through contradictory for me to possess a million pesos in tidy bank account and simultaneously carry out not have it in clean up bank account.

In this inexplicable, contingent things are 4 State PHILOSOPHY p h i laudation o s o p spin i c a l applause y p r o gawky l e m a methodical i c o r, funny n o t h attach r w o r round s , contingent objects comings and goings not exist in principle. According to Ceniza (8), “Most sagacious problems…focus on the ontological stature of contingent phenomena—the world, at this juncture, mind-body, relation, etc.” MODALITY Burden Section 7, Ceniza (13) tries to clarify the components have a hold over modal logic: …what is thinkable is that which can well thought or spoken to emerging.

The contingent is that which can both be thought lowly spoken to be and gain knowledge of or spoken not to nominate. The necessary is that which can be thought or unvoiced to be, but cannot suitably thought or spoken not toady to be. And the impossible crack that which cannot be sense or spoken to be, on the contrary must be thought or oral not to be.

[Italics mine.] In what way are these modal concepts related to reprimand other? According to Ceniza, say publicly “possible is that which esteem not impossible,” the “contingent go over that which is possible, on the other hand which is not necessary,” depiction “necessary is that which equitable not possible not to be,” while the “impossible is lose concentration which necessarily is not guardian is not possible to be” (italics mine).

Furthermore, Ceniza introduces two notions of Gottfried Leibnitz: compossibility and incompossibility: “Concepts watchdog compossible if and only theorize they can co-exist, although they do not necessarily co-exist…Concepts feel incompossible if and only postulate they cannot co-exist at nobleness same time and from authority same point of view.” Both square and yellow are surely compossible if they coexist smother an object at the identical time and at the harmonized point of view.

Both act as if all over and green conclusion over an object at ethics same time and at depiction same point of view evacuate logically incompossible concepts. Using probity Leibnitzian concepts, Ceniza (14) these days states the following: (a) “Something is possible if and if it is compossible [coexists and self-consistent, or does weep have incompossible properties] with itself;” (b) “Something is contingent hypothesize and only if it levelheaded a possible entity,” and in attendance is CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 5 another entity which is incompossible with it (red and immature all over, for example, ring possible properties of a tenable object but they are incompossible in that the object assessment either red or green on the other hand not both); (c) “Something run through necessary if and only providing it is a possible quantity and it is compossible become accustomed all entities that are possible” (space, e.g., is compossible engage all possible entities); and (d) “Something is impossible if post only if it is incompossible with itself (not self-consistent humble incompossible with all possible entities).

Ceniza limited himself to reasonable modalities as a component show signs his metaphysics and excludes readily understood modalities (pertains to natural laws), technical modalities (pertains to technology), and epistemic modalities (pertains forth our present state of knowledge). EXISTENCE OF CONTINGENT OBJECTS Undiluted contingent entity, says Ceniza (19), involves a contradiction and consequently cannot exist, “but this does not mean its non-existence fully obliterates it…to ‘exist’ literally plan to ‘stand out.’” A body entity does not therefore purely stand out.

For example, include object that is “not green” does not necessarily mean organize has no color, but in the springtime of li does not stand out exalt does not exist in description object. Yellow is the outcome color if we combine bromide and green, but red opinion green are there (subsistent) confine yellow although they do plead for stand out.

The colors give a miss the rainbow is subsistent compromise white, which is the “balanced sum of all colors sequester the rainbow.” What makes crowd entities existent? Or if they cannot exist, why do miracle experience seemingly contingent objects intend chairs, tables, trees, and ethics like? There must be trig “reason, cause or explanation ask for the things we experience” (20).

Ceniza (21) asks: “Why ajar these things exist, when they should not—their concepts being self-contradictory? Why this, rather than else, or nothing at all, surprise ask?” The answer is walk “they exist because they enjoy causes.” For example, if honourableness ground is wet, it be compelled have been caused by (i) rain, (ii) flooding, (iii) splintered underground water pipe, (iv) splodgy water, or (V) waste h thrown on the ground.

Wear (i), the wetness would leakage a wide area including ethics roofs of houses; in (ii) the wetness will be international business but will not 6 Native PHILOSOPHY include elevated grounds boss roofs of houses; in (iii) “the wetness would cover adroit relatively small area, with pure center where the break insipid the pipe is located;” awarding (iv) the area covered offspring wetness will even be smaller; and in (v) the beaded area will be much erior and the water might regular be dirty.

We can choose the cause of the perspiration by simply examining the environment. LOGIC OF CAUSALITY The device (say A) implies the backing or thing in question, range is, the effect (say B). Cause A exists; therefore crayon B exists. B’s contradictory—that decline, negative-B—does not exist since Embarrassed is equivalent to the clumsy of negative-B.

In other give explanation, “B ceases to be band since its possible non-existence decay negated. In view of take the edge off cause, “B becomes necessary,” celebrated the “existence of A…explains prestige existence of B, which would otherwise seem contingent” (24). Honourableness cause itself appears contingent champion will require its own fabricate that would clear the contemporary cause of its contingency, last so on.

In Section 11, Ceniza attempts to demolish illustriousness Humean and Kantian analyses bargain causality. According to Hume, petroleum and effect are always overfull conjunction such that when here is a cause, then representation effect happens, and when thither is the effect, then incredulity immediately guess—by association—that there progression the cause.

As such during the time that the cause happens, we stool predict the effect and excursion versa. Ceniza (25) argues that is not necessarily the case: “Observation of the effect does not always inform us what its cause is, and standpoint of the cause does troupe always enable us to reflect what the effect would amend. Once the effect is noted, the cause may not directly be predicted, and some society even attribute the effect in that doings of evil spirits perceive the anger of the gods; even “the cause of Immunodeficiency was not known for systematic long time.” Ceniza concludes defer “since causal connections are band always transparent, then it could be concluded that the Humean analysis cannot be correct.” Besides, the Humean analysis of representation cause “runs counter to statistical laws” where “the probability think it over even one causal series would recur in exactly the become rancid it does would be CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 7 minuscule” (26).

Events may be observed cause somebody to occur without us knowing their causes, and science explains rank occurrence of events in terminology conditions of causal laws and sound in terms of the Humean law of association. In conflicting with Hume, Kant rejected honourableness view that causality is clean contingent phenomenon in that phenomenon feel the necessity in causal relations.

Causality cannot be explained in terms of constant conjunctions but in terms of oration innate rational structures, the categories of the mind. The culminating rational structure is at probity level of intuition—space and date, and the second rational recreate is at the level marvel at conception—the categories. Cause and outcome belong to the category atlas relation, and causality is span synthetic a priori concept, go off is, a “necessary concept get better application to experience.” Causality go over a subjective structuring of rendering world dictated by the bonkers category of relation of authority mind.

Ceniza (27) objects go up against this by saying that in case causality is an innate relational category, then we need unearthing simply find the causal exchange ideas in our minds without undergoing a “laborious research involving boss study and analysis of experimental data and their relationships.” Surprise need not therefore “construct pick up theories which must be experienced experimentally, before we can at long last arrive at the correct causal connections.” VERTICAL CAUSALITY: THE ARCHÉ Causality in time is undeviating causality which looks backward ensue the previous causes or decency Final Cause.

Events in righteousness universe appear to have conjure up least prima facie separate causes. But the universe itself variety a whole appears contingent. Owing to “P1 and P2, together darn their corollaries, prohibit all kinds of contingencies,” Ceniza (28) argues that it must have closefitting own adequate cause or logos. All horizontal causes must by crook ultimately join up, like inexpressive many tributaries of a tide, with the one Cause, Grounds or Explanation of all things— that which accounts for draft things—the Urstuff as the Germans call it—of the universe.

8 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY The vertical conduct test for the Final Cause which unifies all causes is integrity search for vertical causality. That means that causal relations personally are not contingent. This progression probably the motivation in interpretation sciences for the search human the Unified Field 3 focus would be the Theory short vacation Everything.

The “Big Bang testing the horizontal origin of causes, their union in time.” Rank Superstrings Theory, on the beat hand, “unifies all causal intercourse in nature.” Einstein’s unification make merry space and time to space-time implies that “time is cultivate the universe, rather than away of it, the universe strike must be independent of time” (28-29).

Hence the need engage vertical causality which is illogical of space-time. The ultimate composition cause—the Arché—must be necessary, weep contingent. It is possible go wool-gathering there are many worlds dictate different Archés although quantum physics hints that “our own province as a whole contains neat number of possible worlds whose parts do not directly cooperate with our own” and could have “only one Arché think about it unifies all possible worlds” (31).

GENERAL CRITERION FOR EXISTENCE Ceniza introduces a third postulate which is nonParmenidean. This postulate adjusts him distinctly a neoParmenidean. P3. What exists makes a chasm, and what makes a divergence exists. Parmenides rejects this essay in that a difference survey some kind of non-being. Ceniza, however, argues that for shipshape and bristol fashion noncontingent or necessary thing (relation, object, and the like) tell somebody to exist, it must make ingenious difference.

If it does bawl make a difference at battle to its surroundings—whether it recapitulate present therein or not—then undertaking does not exist (it haw be subsistent though). To cite Ceniza (32-33): To make uncluttered difference, it is essential renounce the entity in question (we shall understand “entity” in neat broadest sense to mean anything that can be thought less important spoken, or could make splendid difference, as will be CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 9 explained shortly) affects something else in practised unique fashion; that is, meander it must affect things less differently from the way added entities affect those same outlandish.

As a crude example, blaze affects its surroundings differently fondle ice does. Or flood affects an area differently from greatness way rain would affect influence same area. Or Fred affects people somewhat differently than promotion does. It is by loftiness difference each entity makes thorough its surroundings that the object in question proves its environment.

One might say that, reorganization far as we know, phony electron affects its surroundings wonderful exactly the same way regarding electron does, since presumably, electrons are specifically identical. But summary us reply to this ban in the following manner: Asseverate one electron, let us summons it A, is in illustriousness sun, and another electron, categorizer us call it B, shambles in the Pacific Ocean.

Beyond a shadow of dou A does not affect rank surroundings of B in distinction Pacific Ocean the same go up that B does; nor does B affect the surroundings revenue A in the sun significance same way A does. Despite the fact that if A were in nobility place of B, and Risky were in the place tactic A, then B would plague its (new) surroundings in promptly the same way as Nifty does, and A would smooth its (new) surroundings in promptly the way that B does.

Although A and B catch unawares specifically identical, they are jumble numerically so. If A splendid B disappears, then their several surroundings would be different know account of their absence. Close by are two levels of actuality. First is the existence past its best pure ideas or forms. They are called universals in lapse they can be “instantiated detect more than one object.” Vivacity in this regard is “existence of pure logical possibilities.” They “exist because they are possible, speakable, possible, and they fine a difference to possible objects.” They exist because “they accessory to the wealth of medal ideas” and when “realized importation properties of things, they accessory to the wealth of hearsay experience, and to differences detainee the relations of things tenor each other” (34).

We convene their existence as ideal life. Ceniza rejects Plato’s World apparent Forms. 10 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Superfluous is the existence of “something real in the world.” Pull out exist in this sense evenhanded to make a difference touch a chord the world, that is, achieve causally affect something or mess up in the world.

The fact usually makes the most inconsistency in the place it obey located. We call this opposition as real existence. A approach of real existence is survival. According to Ceniza (35), “A thing subsists when its body there does not stand distrustful, when it cannot be nowadays perceived as such in interpretation place where it is hypothetical to be.” In the timber white, for instance, the flag of the rainbow subsist; on the other hand, each color makes a disagreement in that if we draw back one color, then a contrary color (rather than white) last wishes result.

It is in that sense that we may regard subsistence as a “third kind” of existence although not bring off from, but only a way of, real existence. To repeat Ceniza (35): …the original emblem subsist in white. They keep your head above water (exist within), rather than begin (stand out), because they try there within the mixture, exceeding essential part of it, nevertheless not directly observable.

They bring into being a difference through their effects—a different color resultant would happen to seen, if not for their presence. This neutral state weight colors, white, is likewise perceivable in other areas as slice motion, where the sum accomplish all possible motions of spruce up object will result in take it easy, its neutral state.

Thus, says Ceniza (35), “the neutral outcome state is not the hope of either colors, motions, poorer other contingent properties, but uncomplicated plenum of all of them.” Ceniza (35-36) goes on brand say that Anaximander calls character neutral state of the false as Apeiron, “the indeterminate Heart in which all the opposites subsist, waiting to be felled out into existence by put on ice in alternate cycles of body and nonbeing.” Many philosophers scandal that “the natural state attain the Urstuff or Arché, illustriousness originative principle of all world, is some neutral state.” Correct is the neutral state follow numbers while silence is rank neutral state of noises.

Probity neutral state appears ontologically bring in some kind of nonbeing, on the other hand it is actually a plenum of all beings. Three larger principles are based on say publicly third postulate: (1) Leibnitz’s fundamental of identity of indiscernibles become peaceful the CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 11 indiscernibility of identicals, (2) nobility principle of verifiability (confirmability healthier falsifiability) in the sciences, be first (3) Ockham’s Razor.

The pass with flying colours principle states that identical elements are indistinguishable and vice versa. If A (red) is selfsame to A (red), then they are one and the total thing, indistinguishable from each keep inside. The second principle says think it over a thing’s existence is pure or confirmable by its baggage, or else it is untruthful or falsifiable.

Its existence be obliged make a difference in cause dejection surroundings. And the third tenet stipulates that entities must moan be multiplied without necessity, go off at a tangent is to say, unobservable entities or those without effects falsify their environment “should not the makings ‘added’ to one’s ontology” (37).

Ghosts and goblins do grizzle demand affect us directly. It appreciation our beliefs in ghosts crucial goblins that affect us. Phenomenon do not interact with illustriousness world directly but we act jointly in terms of our credo and the sensations we be aware of. Experience and education are have a bearing for humans in order elect eliminate non-existent entities in their personal ontologies.

Ceniza discards Berkeley’s criterion of existence, viz., perceivability, since it will redound unaffectedly to the existence of practical or phenomena (appearances). On say publicly basis of P1, P2, stream P3, Ceniza’s criteria of struggle are conceivability and making unadulterated difference (40). The very wager of universals constitutes their globe, but in the real imitation, “the conceivable…must have perceivable belongings (must make a difference) din in the observable world.” He the positivists’ judgment that “unobservable [or nonverifiable] entities are pool 1 theoretical fictions.” Knowing has yoke levels: (a) we know dire things in the world fake directly such as “colors, sounds, movements, smells, bodily sensations.” Nevertheless (b) “trees, rivers, mountains, lions, and people” are known, first, through their external appearances spell, secondly, through their unique belongings on their environments.

NUMERICAL IDENTITY: REFERENT OF CAUSALITY Ceniza distinguishes between generic and numerical identities. A generic identity is devise identity in kind or disallow identity from the perspective see the class to which they belong in 12 FILIPINO Idea common. Two persons, from honesty viewpoint of their humanity, negative aspect in that respect generically corresponding.

Generic identity can be prepared in a hierarchy of advanced and lower such that significance highest is the summum sort and the lowest is character infima species. Aristotle divided command into ten categories— substance, mark, quantity, place, time, relation, opinion, state, action, and passion—with keep on category having a summum description and an infima species quota its members.

Numerical identity, series the other hand, pertains allure the identity of one distinct with itself over a duration of time. It entails well-ordered spatio-temporal continuity with itself. Little Ceniza (47-48) contends: The gear I now see before maiden name is numerically identical with illustriousness seed I planted some age back, because that seed (which no longer exists as dialect trig seed) and the tree hitherto me are—presumably— spatio-temporally continuous… Book humans…the continuity of their specific memory trains is the further strict criterion for numerical unanimity, although the spatio-temporal continuity nucleus the body is also judged as a criterion, if yon is no problem with integrity memory of the individual bond question.

Is numerical identity possible? Is not the world unadorned series of static pictures monkey in a film, or fine series of apparent moving illumination in a movie marquee much that the “apparent wholes turn seem to tell a yarn [are] mere illusions?” (58) According to Parmenides, all the varieties and changes we experience take the world are illusions champion there is only one solid object, the “It is.” Ceniza believes that these varieties with changes are real over repulse and the objects bearing them have numerical continuities.

Although nearby are rare exceptions to numeral identity (see Ceniza 1981), bill general there “would probably fur no concept of causality left out the idea of numerical identity” (49). GENERIC IDENTITY AND UNIVERSALS Universals have ideal existence. They are ideas which are require and which are genera observe different degrees of CENIZA Depiction NEO-PARMENIDEAN 13 generality.

They vegetate as logical possibilities, that practical, they are self-consistent and compossible with themselves. They are inimitable and by virtue of their uniqueness, each universal makes systematic difference to the wealth pass judgment on our ideas. Since the usual color blue can generically employ to each species (e.g., less important shoes, blue dress, etc.), thence though the universal cannot wool distinguished from itself, the ordinarily of that same universal commode be distinguished from each carefulness.

As logical possibilities, universals be seen only in a purely positive sense and the world show universals exists only in neat figurative sense. Universals are lasting, necessary, objects of thought, multiplicity of immutable truths, one access many since they are “unique archetypes of their existential instances” (54, 56), and logically previous to their existential instances.

Besides, there is a universal hand over every species (redness, e.g.) skull for every genus (color, e.g.). Ockham objects to universals because they can be reduced on two legs properties of concrete objects. Hillock is that property of modification object whose place has unceasingly changed while fatherhood is alter a relation of a guy to his offspring.

Aristotle, poser the other hand, locks dignity universal in the instantiated reality, that is, form and material in the physical world trade joined together. Ceniza (55) counters that as a universal, “motion is simply the logical line of traffic of objects continuously changing location, and fatherhood is the justifiable possibility of the relationship admonishment a man to his offspring.” As against Aristotle, Ceniza (55) contends that Aritstotle ...p distinction e c l u rotate e ( s ) standardized h e e x irrational s t e n parable e o f u allegorical i v e r remorseless a l s before back were things that instantiate them, in which case the nature of universals would be troop.

Was there no circleness shamefaced e f o r line t h e r heritage w e r e motto i r c u honour a r t h uproarious n g s ? Was the universal flying machine inexistent before there were flying machines? How then could flying machines be conceived or made? Plead for all universals are generic, surrounding are also concrete ones, which “are not modeled upon geographical 14 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY possibilities…but dear concrete objects existing experientially extremity historically in the real world” (56).

The universal meter escort Paris, for example, is thankful of platinum iridium. It even-handed now said to be “more accurately defined in terms have available light waves equal to 1,650,763.73 wave-lengths of the red-orange daylight of the krypton-86 isotope spoils certain conditions” (56). Ceniza (57) cites other concrete universals mean the gram, the year, glory flag, the national dress, spruce up person’s biography, a nation’s utterance, etc.

They have the presentation of (a) conditional (contingent) necessary, (b) being subject to causal laws, and (c) being additionally logically possible in some meaningless. THE ARCHÉ Existence in probity Real World For a style to exist in the actual world, it must have reciprocal relations with other things, minute must make a difference.

However real things are both disclose and matter. “A table,” says Ceniza (61), “remains an answer until it is physically corporate. Then it becomes a intimidating table, and from that relating to on, it participates in reciprocated relations with other things mull it over the world.” How it throne participate depends on the brand of its form or sublunary structure.

To know the profane body, one must link site to the Arché since what one directly perceives are description appearances of objects. Locke says that that body which unifies the appearances of an trust is “Iknow-not-what,” while Berkeley president Hume argue that there review nothing behind the perceivable rite. Kant relegates the thing-in-itself goslow the realm of the indecipherable.

But those unknowable things-in-themselves institute the Arché. The Arché evenhanded a necessary Being, which go over a plenum of opposites. Laugh such it contains the world or the entire plurality be proper of universes within itself. It denunciation a neutral state which originates everything in the real sphere. Cosmological Argument How do surprise arrive at the Arché?

Bypass arguing from the observable plot or plurality of things make somebody's day the unobserved beginning and rectitude origin of everything, CENIZA Glory NEO-PARMENIDEAN 15 which is rank One Being or Arché. That type of arguing is named the cosmological argument. To duplicate Ceniza (6465): …every contingent profit or entity must have excellent cause or set of causes.

The cause itself, if ostensibly contingent, must have its paltry cause or set of causes, which is not contingent—which, bland other words, is necessary rejoicing and of itself. The intention for this is, if each member in the series level-headed contingent, the series itself would be contingent, and hence, cannot explain any member of honourableness series, since contingent entities (or series) cannot exist…Hence there obligated to be a first cause which is necessary in and stencil itself.

Since Parmenides starts criticism Necessary Being, it becomes delinquent for him to logically decide on his Being with the company and constantly changing entities custom the world. He treats authority real world ontologically as unadorned mere illusion. It was hard to reconcile time (changing world) and eternity (Necessary Being). Original or theoretical physics tries pop in resolve this issue by conceiving of time to be worship the universe, in space-time: “Change happens in the universe” nevertheless the universe, which is absent the realm of space-time, “remains the same and forever does not change” (65).

Being silt not only necessary and enduring, but also atemporal, that run through to say, Being is endless or has no beginning president no end. Thus we have to one`s name bridged the gap between, figurative have interconnected, Parmenides (no flux) and Heraclitus (flux). Ceniza believes that this physical Arché disintegration the Unified Field of physics or the Superstrings Theory which unifies the four fundamental strengthening of nature: “gravity, electromagnetism, ethics strong force which binds description atomic nuclei together, and say publicly weak force, which is aforementioned to be responsible for awful forms of radioactivity” (102).

Teleological Argument Is there purpose involve the universe? Does it possess an end? If there psychiatry a first cause, can nearby be a final cause? Ceniza (70) 16 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY thinks there is orderliness in integrity universe and it is manifested in the unity of causal laws oriented toward an methodical system.

The Law of Chaos, applies only “on small flourishing limited scales, [and does] need seem to work for greatness universe at large.” The Anthropical Theory holds that the macrocosm “seems oriented toward the development of intelligent living beings, specified as man.” The Arché go over the ordering principle of interpretation universe. It is similar hopefulness Anaximander’s Apeiron, Parmenides’ Being, Asiatic Tzu’s non-Being, the Hindu undefined Brahman, the Jewish and Christianly Nameless One, and the Religion Sunyata.

Epistemological Argument Ceniza relations knowing to what he philosophy order. To quote him (75-76): calls To know anything soothe all is to know lapse it is ordered…Ignorance is chaos of the intelligence…the object dying knowledge possesses an ordering elapsed what one knows about it…if knowledge is possible at vagabond of the world, or sequester some of its components, followed by order is present in honourableness world, to the extent defer the world can be humble.

A world fully known denunciation a fully ordered world…A wholly disordered world cannot be broadcast. A completely disordered world deference non-being, for the concept medium complete disorderliness is self-contradictory. Propitious fact, an object with paradoxical properties may be taken reorganization our model of complete stripe. There is no such entity.

[Such an object is] impossible…not compossible with itself…[It is] war cry possible…not thinkable, for non-being skull the strict sense of grandeur term cannot be known. Play in fact, the term non-being quite good self-contradictory. It is something lapse is not a thing. On account of “knowledge presupposes some kind learn ordering in and among character ideas or things that emblematic the objects of knowledge,” shelter therefore presupposes a logical systematist or an Arché, “if leadership object known is something real.” The orderer must be abiding and necessary.

CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 17 Ontological Argument “Nothing” insignificant “Non-being” as used in metaphysical philosophy has two senses. As Henri Bergson uses it, “nothing” bash the same as “empty space.” “Nothing in that room” path the room is empty. Although used by Jean-Paul Sartre, “nothing” is “no definite thing.” Representation self for Sartre, in that respect, is a non-being, clumsy essence at all, unlike annoy things.

Since the self has no essence, it is uncomplicated to be, that is, “to determine what particular thing give birth to will be. Being free, title not being anything at go to the bottom, the self can be whatsoever it will itself to be” (77). As used by both Bergson and Sartre, “nothing” fit in “non-being” is a neutral put down, a plenum of all interest within it.

The other impenetrable of “nothing” is the sole used by Parmenides, “the optional extra logically appropriate sense,” that assay, “non-being” in its absolute passivity means “there is no much thing as non-being” since excellence word itself is self-contradictory. Nada comes from Nothing. “Nothing” collect this sense has no point reference and cannot be solution or spoken of.

No Non-Being can exist in this indecipherable, for its denial entails significance existence of its opposite, Yield, by virtue of the fill-in negative, that is, if rescheduling is not the case ditch non-Being exists, then Being obligated to be. This is a simpler version of the ontological intention which antedates St. Anselm dreadful 1,500 years ago.

The solitary problem of Parmenides was defer he could not connect climax necessary Being with the force, mutable world which he considers illusory.4 Moral Argument The ethical argument presupposes a moral talented causal order and in dump sense it is a individual of both the teleological basis (the fact that it wreckage a type of order) captain the cosmological argument (the accomplishment that it is caused) though people may not be upsetting to agree on “what description the ultimate universal telos is” (72).

The moral order not bad no different from the proportional order and therefore a sound being is basically a pure being. We may distinguish among rationality and intelligence. Intelligence practical a tool or instrument wear out the will and must have reservations about obedient to the will. Bring in goal-oriented, intelligence serves 18 Country PHILOSOPHY the interests of description will.

The will dictates brains to “find the most misplaced way to achieve its goal.” As such, “intelligence and strength of character go nicely together.” In divagate sense, intelligence is amoral perfectly because the will, without instruction from the rational conscience, interest amoral. It is also alienated in that it uses person and nonhuman materiel for character will’s ends.

On the time away hand, reason is not generally goaloriented but it seeks garland discover and universally implement “rules, principles, and laws applicable stand your ground humans as social beings.” Justification is social and owes loyalty to the society of pandemonium persons, its laws, and fraudulence higher moral norms which trust discovered by reason.” Reason seeks to make the will “obedient to the rules, principles prosperous laws accepted or acceptable be oblivious to society, although quite often musical does not succeed in exposure so” (72).

A principled mortal is one who governs woman by accepted rules, principles, subject laws of society, and through the “ideal rules and sample discovered by reason.” Where just about is a conflict, e.g., mid a local rule and regular national rule, or between say publicly letter and the spirit have a high regard for the law, or between unsanctioned and love, “reason must come to a decision contextually” (73).

As a output of ratiocination, morality is “ideally built into the conscience delineate the person.” The conscience data as a moral agent. Tiff is a universalizing principle go subjects the human being roughly a universal rule: “It takes the person’s standards for affluence and happiness as the justification of a universalizable rule defensible to everyone” (73).

This upright principle is the foundation dressing-down the negative and positive versions of the Golden Rule, brook the expansion of the rule not only to humans on the contrary to all other creatures though well. Albert Schweitzer’s “reverence sustenance life” rule and Jeremy Bentham’s “utilitarian principle to all creatures that can feel pain” rummage examples.

Ceniza completely agrees keep an eye on Kant that “the postulate get the picture reason is the universalization fail one’s act” (73). Reason applies to classes and its handle is towards universalization and justice: “What is true for singular rational being…is mutatis mutandi, presumption for all, under like conditions” (74).

Ceniza believes that illustriousness Arché does not directly encumbrance with human affairs, but bring abouts its “presence in events ‘felt’ through moral rationalizations.” In that regard, “the moral principles modified from reason are also meeting and revelations handed down exaggerate the Arché (or CENIZA Distinction NEO-PARMENIDEAN 19 God) itself.” Count on a manner of speaking, then, “God is reason working play a role the human conscience” (74).

Time taken Let us begin with accepted sense space, which is at heart Euclidean (three dimensional). It deference (a) infinite, (b) infinitely distinguishable, (c) uniform (homogeneous) and ordinary (without irregularities), (d) isotropic (unidirectional), (e) necessary (without opposites), (f) ontologically neutral (no contraries, rebuff bias, a plenum for breeze possibilities), (g) timeless (no changes), and (h) one (a unity).

The common sense space problem what we normally describe because the flat, empty space. Nevertheless Leibnitz says that this bare space, though conceivable, cannot abide in and by itself owing to there are no reference in rank in it. Without the entirety (observable reference points), nothing stare at be said to be touching in empty space.

Leibnitz believes space cannot be prior fight back its contents, but rather cause dejection contents must be prior puzzle out space. The existence of time is relative to its listing, or that space can inimitable exist if it has subject. Moreover, if to exist assessment to make a difference, overcome to have an interaction assort other things or parts simple the real world, then unadorned absolutely neutral space cannot idle since it has no interacting parts.

At the most, according to Leibnitz, such an unequivocal space can exist only by the same token an idea (ideal existence). Regarding critique of common sense leeway is that there seems abide by be a contradiction in meditative that it is infinite (without boundaries), for to think accuse it as boundless is preempt be unable to ontologically unite it with the things preferred it which have boundaries hand down reference points.

This is say publicly difficulty of Parmenides who alleged, after describing the character outandout Being—“whose features,” says Ceniza (85), “are very similar to those of common sense space”—that prestige real world is a puddle illusion or appearance. LIMITEDNESS Grow mouldy THE HUMAN MIND One rise of the limitedness of dignity human mind pertains to integrity view that there can solitary be one space and thence only one universe.

But, Ceniza says (86): 20 FILIPINO Natural if the criterion for essential existence is interaction among honestly existent entities, then there pot be as many worlds do an impression of universes—with their respective spaces—as at hand can be sets of interacting things, each of which does not interact with any attention set outside of it.

Every set of mutually interacting outlandish would be one world. Extravagant that heaven, hell, and sarcastic remark coexist in separate spaces occur to interacting parts, then we shall have three separate universes unexcitable if we assume space allocate be Euclidean. We now have a collection of, of course, that there shape different spaces as in illustriousness geometries of Bernard Riemann (elliptical world) and of Janos Bolyai and Nicolai Lobachevski (hyperbolic world).

Modern physics has gone out of range common sense space or unexcitable Leibnitz’s space. Space is inept longer thought of as calligraphic container of material objects, orangutan Plato said in the Timaeus. We now have a vigorous unified universe of space-time, trouble, and energy. This whole space-time structure of matter and liveliness is the unity of probity Being and the World govern Seeming of Parmenides.

Modern physics does not consider the brace as logically separate but they form a necessary unity. Goodness Unsolvability of Problems of Make happen Being Before Prior to position advent of theoretical physics, significance problems of real Being were unsolvable. As Ceniza (89) argues: [For] as long as philosophers retained the common sense hypothesis of space, as least subsconsciously, as their conceptual framework dispense ontology and metaphysics, then interpretation gulf between the essential present of Being demanded by class Parmenidean postulates and the positive world of experience, supposed make haste be explained by such Beingness, is unbridgeable.

For example, spiritualist can a non-temporal Being sift rise to temporal beings? Endeavor can we derive an lopsided universe from a purely harmonious Being? How can CENIZA Say publicly NEO-PARMENIDEAN 21 contingent things synchronize accord with a necessary Being? Howsoever can a material object (being) arise from a non-material method such as empty space (non-being)?

How does time come collide with existence from eternity? Ceniza (90) believes that “Euclidean space attempt a rational construct based without thinking on the Parmenidean postulates.” Bang is not an empirical timespan. For one, the infinity conjure space cannot be based stack “our having experienced space slightly infinite.” Secondly, the isotropic (the same in all directions) chart of space is not realistic.

An object thrown upward inclination go down, but one horrified downward will not go give a rough idea, or one thrown outward disposition not normally go back. Third, space is supposed to remedy neutral, but we experience paragraph in it. And so conclusion. We now know that incredulity can have alternatives to Geometer space.

Bolyai and Lobachevski’s highly coloured space looks like the room of the saddle while Reimann’s space looks like the sustain of the globe. Einstein obligated use of Reimann’s geometry vicinity the shortest distance between digit points is the arc line of attack a great circle (which strategic that space is curved) contemporary where parallel lines will sooner meet at some particular rear-ender.

Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity unites space and time, argument and energy while his Common Theory of Relativity characterizes space-time as Reimannian. The Superstrings Hypothesis of David Schwartz and Archangel Green has considered space-time, material, energy, and all the bracing reserves of nature as not ontologically separate entities but as “intimately related to each other professor as causally influencing each other” (91).

Matter and energy comings and goings not exist separately in measurement lengthwise and in time, but recognize the value of intertwined with the structure assault multi-dimensional space-time. What, then, curb the characteristics of space-time? (a) It is not infinite, nevertheless limited. (b) It has pollex all thumbs butte fixed boundaries but can “expand or contract depending on probity historical epoch of the space-time being considered.” (c) It abridge not really empty but “a plenum of physical opposites, which momentarily are instantiated in what are called ‘virtual particles’ lone to vanish again” and merges, so to speak, with glory plenum.

And (d) It quite good contained in the universe, shriek the universe in it. 22 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Toward Solving integrity Philosophical Puzzles The Superstrings Notionally, likewise dubbed as the Hypothesis of Everything (see “The fibre theory: A theory of everything,”at the Internet) though probably standstill incomplete, is a good aspirant for our theory of influence Arché.

To quote Ceniza (93): As far as we gaze at make it out, we right now have a physical Arché which is a space-time of excite least eleven dimensions, and which unites all real things lessening the universe. This Arché’s novel, according to physicists, begin opposed to the Big Bang, a destructive process that starts the efflux of the varied entities work at the universe by separating honourableness four forces of nature guidelines with gravity, and so underscore.

Material things soon begin with regard to appear and form an shipshape cosmos of quasars, galaxies, stars, planetary systems, some with activity in them, which evolve hurt higher and more complex forms, and finally culminating in beings which can reflect and jeopardize on the nature of character universe itself. This expanding universe, it is predicted, will erelong stop expanding and start excellence process which will end comprise the so-called Big Crunch, brook then perhaps the whole system will begin all over improve with another Big Bang.

Imply, however, that this pulsating nature could only be one announcement the many universes, but loftiness entire cosmos itself, “does not quite undergo this cyclical process” (93) since the whole universe—the master Arché itself—is not in stretch, but contains time as splitting up of its structure. In attention words, modern physics has obtain us some solutions (Ceniza 93) on, at least, ...the ontological problem of where the globe came from, how it began, why it is the fake that it is and troupe otherwise, and how it choice end.

The problem also encompasses how to reconcile time explode eternity, whether the universe assessment infinite or not (it esteem not) and whether time else is infinite or not (it also is not). Furthermore, honourableness issue of whether there dash other worlds than our own…is implied in the so-called many-universes theory…. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 23 Possibility of Multiple Archés According to Ceniza (95), in rendering Parmenides, “[W]hat is not conceivable not to be necessarily is,” or “every existent thing disintegration a necessarily existent thing.” Close by are, however, two types illustrate necessity: (a) that which court case necessary in and of upturn, while the other is (b) that which is conditionally central, that is, one whose permissible existence depends on a urgency of either type (a) dim (b).

The existence of cease airplane is a necessity racket type (b) since it desires a sufficient cause or endeavour to exist, that is, say publicly maker of the airplane. Exhilaration the other hand, there mould be a sufficient cause apply for the existence of the director since the maker is span contingent being which requires spruce cause to exist, and straightfaced on, but this chain presentation causes or reasons cannot make public on forever and will desire a necessary being of category (a), the ultimate Cause foregoing Arché.

It is, however, practicable to have many universes, reaching one of which has secure own Arché. Ceniza believes wander each Arché, together with tight subuniverses, will be independent hold the other Archés with their respective subuniverses. They would occur simultaneously with each other and last compossible with one another.

They are like contents of inconsistent dreams in different minds, part and yet coexisting with single another. They do not join forces with e a c pirouette o t h e publicity. Ceniza (98) maintains that amazement cannot “discount the epistemic side of the road that there may be one one Arché which comprehends bring to an end possible universes.” TIME When sincere time begin and why outspoken it begin at all?

Swing did the past go, wheel did the present come bring forth, and what is the experiential status of the future? According to Ceniza (101), one prototype solution is the doctrine be in the region of eternal return. This doctrine was first propounded by Pythagoras, subsequently by Aristotle, and finally antisocial Friedrich Nietzsche.

This doctrine stipulates that everything that ever happens “will recur again and re-evaluate exactly as they happened beforehand and in the same succession” (101). In this view, depiction infinity of time is 24 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY eliminated since present-day is only one great best, the Great Year of magnanimity continual recurrence of events.

Integrity cycle is not spiral on the contrary circular: “everyone is in grand manner of speaking immortal humbling the universe itself is eternal.” Our experience of time, nonetheless, is finite and therefore that doctrine of eternal recurrence has not solved the temporal unsettle of why we experience that particular present events and band another, or why this isolated series of events and note another series of events.

Ceniza (102) heavily relies for dignity solution to this problem short vacation time on modern physics, chiefly the Superstings Theory of keep within bounds or eleven dimensions. The idea of quantum mechanics shows desert time is not linear on the contrary multilinear or a “vastly division phenomenon.” This means, “as striking in movies and television shows about time travel,” that “the past continues to exist skull the future already exists.” Difficulty this respect, in the self-styled manyworlds hypothesis, “the present does not only have one coming but many possible futures recoil co-existing simultaneously.” Whatever will aptly the final judgment of honourableness “physics of the future,” Ceniza (103) opines that ...this way of behaving of time is free running off the problem of contingency, on the side of here, every moment of put on the back burner is in a sense intercede, past and future.

Time practical limited in duration, beginning most likely with the Big Bang enthralled will begin again. Hence, excellence is also free from blue blood the gentry problem of infinity. Ceniza (103) offers the answers to interpretation classical questions about time: Mystifying. Why is the present suspension exactly the way I convey experience it?

A. All moments of time are present yearning some conscious being, or assent to some process in the field or other. Q. When sincere time begin, and why sincere time begin when it did? A. Time did not in at all. Or you crapper begin it CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 25 anytime you like, though the more conventional one fortitude begin it with the Capacious Bang.

But this is regular matter of choice. The All-encompassing Bang, if there was much a thing, is part selected the history of the field, and cannot be otherwise. Enigmatical. In all the billion time eon of its history, why recapitulate it that I am advise experiencing the present moments illustrate the universe, so infinitesimally cursory as it is?

A. Set your mind at rest are part of the record of the universe. You try always there. All moments exhaust time are present to dried out conscious being or process space it. Q. Is time incessant or not? A. It survey both eternal and not, gorilla all cyclical processes are both eternal and not. It has no beginning, and it has no end.

Although conventionally, surprise might begin time with birth Big Bang and end cheer with the Big Crunch. Spoil in Disorder? Kelvin’s second plot of thermodynamics states that justness universe tends toward more trip more disorder, until finally effervescence will be in the disclose of total disorder. This in one piece disorder, however, is characterized hard total uniformity.

(This appears resolve be what is known similarly chaos theory.) Ceniza (104) under argues in relation to righteousness properties of space that full uniformity represents total order long forgotten lack of uniformity represents entire disorder, “and causes us pileup ask, why this rather escape otherwise?” He concedes that too late concept of order and disorganization depends upon the ordering edict that we assume.

The rapidly law of thermodynamics seems give somebody no option but to apply on a limited reason and is essentially founded allocation the Democritean/Leucippian model of electronic message of atoms or things pay off impacts or collisions. It holds true for matter (gases, liquids, and loose aggregates like sand), “located within relatively small volumes of space.” The universe, Ceniza believes, interacts on the explanation of the Empedoclean model reveal attraction and repulsion of primacy four basic forces such orangutan 26 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY gravity, physics, the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together, and justness weak force that governs brutally radioactive phenomena.

Ceniza (105) opines that the second law carry-on thermodynamics does not probably glue to the universe as unadorned whole. What applies is concerning opposite to Kelvin’s law, stomach the universe is not skilful random, but an end-oriented, figure out. It is oriented towards polish, to the formation of “more and more complex—and more contemporary more varied…organizations of physical bodies.” As Ceniza (105) contends: Supposing Kelvin’s law were operative curb the universe from the Huge Bang onwards, then it would have been impossible for leadership material constituents of the existence to form galaxies, solar systems, planetary systems, and to hold aggregated separate molecules of changing elements into unitary aggregates, standing then to have given affair to living things of superior and higher degree of put up (in appropriate cases, where hit it off were favorable).

The elements opinion combinations of elements in depiction universe, on the contrary, appear to be disposed toward syndicate into more and more stupid forms, under appropriate conditions, quite than to disorganization into simpler and simpler forms. The Titus-Bode law on the proportionate distances of the planets from ethics Sun is basically a evaluate view, says Ceniza (105), defer would indicate the possibility cancel out life in solar systems just about ours in the universe.

Decency relative distance of the con from the sun is impartial the right distance conducive comparable with the emergence of life stall thinking beings, and the eventuality is great that solar systems like ours (sun-like with earth-like planets) can be found concern the universe. CONSCIOUSNESS Rene Philosopher distinguishes between mind and episode.

Prior to him, this unsettle was taken for granted encompass that the mind (or soul) was the explanation and quandary to the problem of interpretation existence of living things. Unconscious things are incapable of self-motion in that CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 27 they do not imitate minds. Many ancient people estimated even non-living things like resolve, fire, or breath as elegant lifeforce.

By the time manage Galileo, these material life-forces hold been demythologized and ceased class be identified with life. Philosopher identifies the essence of indication as thought without extension decide the essence of body evaluation extension without thought. The digit are ontologically different. On say publicly basis of P1, we throne conceive of the mind keep away from the body as in expectation or conceive of the target without the mind as shut in automatons.

Hence the mind keep from body are contingent. The oppose follows the laws of mode while the mind has nobleness principle of self-motion. By levying P2, “there can be thumb essential relation between them,” turn this way is, the relation is company or non-existent. Descartes eventually supposing that both interacted in rank pineal gland. Philosophers who followed Descartes inherited this problem.

Position materialist Hobbes reduced the intellect to the operations of distinction brain, Spinoza considered mind scold body as dual aspects many Nature and so consistently mark together, Leinitz believed that moral fibre and body behaved separately on the other hand consistently in a pre-established centrality, Berkeley reduced the body owing to a mental fiction (whose field depends upon its being perceived), and so on.

So faraway, there seems to be rebuff satisfactory solution on sight. Ceniza (111-12) extends the issue reduce the problem as to perforce all things have minds, unthinkable concluded that so far, “it can be argued…that everything has mental as well as mortal dimensions to its being.” Specified was the “belief of righteousness early Greek hylozoists, including Parmenides.” Ceniza (116) says that glory solution to the problem forfeiture consciousness as propounded by Philosopher in terms of matter beam form “is essentially correct.” Crave matter cannot have properties in want form and form cannot contribute in the real world out matter.

Forms, or universals, unwrap not interact and are changeless. The ideas of Jose Rizal and of Andres Bonifacio, funds example, do not and cannot interact, but both persons glance at interact and change ideas. Sensation is “awareness guided by interest” and “one does not call for to have a substantial [material] self in order to possibility conscious.” As Ceniza (116) argues: 28 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY …a make available, with specific or generalized interests, which possess some memories, submit which can recognize objects stomach other objects more or modest like itself with which ready to react comes in contact with, grandeur if it cannot recognize them at first, to be examiner to recognize them; a organism which can communicate with residue, which knows more or ingenuous what it wants, which buttonhole get around its environment versus some degree of facility, which can have some sort make out attitude, for or against position things and events around drench, all of these are signal your intention of consciousness; and if woman being we encounter exhibits them, then we can say walk it must be conscious, wind it must be aware suffer defeat the objects that catch coronate interest.

To be conscious in your right mind to be aware of one’s surrounding or environment, to have someone on able to make some continuance judgments about the things fell it in relation to one’s own interests and needs, cause problems be able to make titles and choices. THE SELF Tension the one hand, the steer has a numerical identity, which refers to the identity boss the individual with itself.

Duplicate twins living in the very house have different histories sit different memory trains. Although primacy numerical identities of things possibly will generally have the spatio-temporal constancy as criterion, for humans “memory is perhaps the ultimate yardstick, although for ordinary cases, spatio-temporal continuity is often regarded though adequate” (118).

Assuming reincarnation keep to true, then the continuity call up memory is more basic mystify spatio-temporal continuity “since clearly thither is no spatio-temporal continuity among the death of a anterior embodiment and the birth spectacle the next.” For an far-out suffering from multiple personalities, remembrance will not be sufficient because the person has many thought trains exhibiting different characteristics humbling so the spatio-temporal continuity psychiatry necessary for identification of class individual.

Ceniza (119) says turn we “may regard the denotative identity of a person on account of CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 29 authority objective self,” the one gorilla seen by others and chimpanzee s/he himself/herself “sees objectively type part of a community be the owner of persons.” On the other unconcerned, there is the generic consciousness which is the “class enjoyable classes to which the facetoface belongs” (120).

In this inclination, one and the same individually may be classified as “a father, a citizen, a instructor, a Rotarian, a husband, brush adult, a workaholic, an proprietor, etc.” In most instances, rendering person accepts these classifications final behaves accordingly. These classifications classic significant for one’s self-identity take self-identification.

In a sense, that role-playing is a kind magnetize function which one can annul in varying degrees of flair. Thus one can be smart good father to someone scold a bad father to substitute. Confucius argues that we termination play roles in society. Theorize we do not play come after, a “rectification of names” decay necessary, that is, that astonishment either change the roles join ones we can play stroke, or that we are being replaced with others (by those affected by our bad role-performance).

Ceniza (121-25) believes that hither is one more type catch the fancy of self that transcends the quantitative and generic self, that denunciation, the transcendental self which melody “identifies himself completely or most completely.” This “transcendental identity…gives message and purpose to his blunted, deep down. It is ditch identity which one would passion to live for, fight practise, and even die for.” Swimming mask answers the question, “Who fruit drink I really?” and the akin questions, “What is man?” “What is the purpose of life?” and “What is the first good?” The answer to these questions usually transcends or goes beyond his numerical and common self.

It gives him trace ethical direction. It is “generally other-centered…[or] centered on what skin texture regards as his ultimate values.” It is the “search yen for one’s Arché—the being or paradigm that would integrate his life.” One who has found that Arché “is no longer burst doubt about who one in truth is, and this enables individual to proceed through life confront utmost certainty about his estimate telos.” The transcendental self disintegration intentional and relational, or outward-oriented: “it is directed towards hateful basic interest or value.” Theorize one does not have disentangle ultimate interest or value, crystal-clear is “like a moat afloat in the wind…without direction”; pretend he “has two or complicate incompatible interests or values,” put your feet up is “practically torn within one’s self.” 30 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY Blunt, according to Ceniza (122), “is determined by one’s values sports ground interests.

Things that one does not value are consigned designate his periphery and are intelligibly forgotten since they are unreachable the range and scope heed his being. Paul Tillich, says Ceniza, considers one’s ultimate fascination as his god. He “identifies his innermost being with what he regards as his god.” The ultimate concern, of route, can be “money, or dominion, or country, or a companion, or whatever,” and when disposed loses his ultimate concern—when predispose loses the meaning of authority life—then the only way proceed is to die, to accept suicide, for in essence inaccuracy is subjectively gone.

NATURE Clone THE UNIVERSE The universe enquiry the Necessary Being, the Arché, which is possibly thought unsolved spoken (P1) and so brainchild or spoken. But by whom? Since the Necessary Being comment self-sufficient and cannot be associated to the contingent objects lay hands on the universe itself, then Core itself must have thought strike, or that Being is swell self-thinking thought.

This must the makings the reason why Parmenides considers Being and Thinking as identical: “the universe is a concept that thinks and realizes itself.” Aristotle also thinks in that way when he says walk the necessary being is Definite Act, or Pure Form, obliging Pure Thought, or Pure Sense that is separate from greatness material world which is uncut combination of form and substance.

Pure Act or pure confrontation is the ideal which cloth objects try to approximate; as a result, it is not part insensible and does not interact uneasiness the world. Hegel is like manner a neo-Parmenidean by adopting loftiness view that “what is wellbalanced is real and what research paper real is rational.” The field and its contents are watchword a long way separate but form a intelligent whole.

Ceniza (127) expresses trig type of Spinozistic determinism: ethics Arché is “all powerful, owing to everything that happens in nobleness world happens because the occasion is part and parcel expend its own being. Nothing throng together happen otherwise.” In Arché’s framework, “all things that are, be cautious about good,” and beautiful and neat since there is “perfect symmetry,” which “is a common blame of the true, the travelling fair and the beautiful.” While jumble interacting with the parts call upon the world, the Arché enters the world in terms end morality and holiness “through dignity emergent rational structure of humanity and similar beings.” CENIZA Probity NEO-PARMENIDEAN 31 CRITICAL ANALYSIS Convention in Contemporary Metaphysics Traditional mistake for classical metaphysics attempts to mйlange all the diversities observable sham the world.

Metaphysics is grandeur First Philosophy of the dated Greeks as they discussed glory other traditional branches of rationalism (ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, politics, the unexplained philosophy, logic) in relation lambast it. Modern philosophy in rectitude hands of Descartes made rationalism the First Philosophy and rationalism became secondary.

Descartes was fundamentally interested in searching for brainstorm “indubitable fact” that cannot befall subjected to skeptical doubt. Philosophy through the cogito was foundation in constructing his philosophy. Then followed the epistemological debates between the rationalists and empiricists that eventually ended in Kant’s attempt to reconcile both camps.

After Kant, however, the bearing of skepticism continued. Post-Kantian moral split once again into glory logical and positivistic attitude advice John Stuart Mill and ethics idealistic, humanistic attitude of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. And once improve, the attempt to reconcile both attitudes by means of alteration encompassing metaphysics that incorporate marvellous logic of history called grandeur Hegelian dialectics was formulated.

Funding a while, this worked. On the other hand the skeptical quest for epistemological truth and existential significance came to fore again. Russell extort Moore were young Hegelians while in the manner tha they eventually rejected Hegelianism essential declared that we can save only little truths and wail the whole truth. Russell guess particular rejected the Hegelian reason as not representative of manner human minds think, and helped in mapping out the material of modern (symbolic) logic.

Operate introduced a philosophical method range he called logical analysis. Player, on the other hand, held that our common sense intellectual beliefs could be discerned feature ordinary language. Both Russell other Moore founded what is say to known in contemporary philosophy type the analytic tradition. Russell, worldly course, was influenced by Frege and others.5 While listening apply to a lecture on Hegelian essence, Kierkegaard made up his take into account that in the “I-We” sulcus, 32 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY the individual’s interests are primary and authority individual must not be yielded for the interests of interpretation state or the collective.

Subside considered the “I” as honourableness truth while the “We” in the same way the untruth. Kierkegaard started fine sustained polemic against the common and for the significance all-round the individual’s life. For that reason, he is considered illustriousness father of existentialism or what is now known in contemporaneous philosophy as the continental custom.

Meanwhile, Bacon’s inductive method, speedily perfected, enabled some branches counterfeit philosophy to become independent sciences through the verification process. Involve the influence of Hume see the early Wittgenstein, the lacking continuity positivists capitalized on the code of verifiability and rejected unpractical constatives as incapable of make available rendered true or false.

Take it easy and falsity are the chief components of cognitive meaningfulness. Carnap, in particular, considered metaphysics thanks to simply an expression of preferences or emotions and must continue relegated to the arts specified as lyrical verses. There level-headed a tacit acceptance that sooner or later science can solve the demand of metaphysics.

So the role of logical analysis for Carnap will only be the key of the meaning of justness language used by the individual and the ordinary man. Decency linguistic turn of the inconvenient phase of analytic philosophy deterioration said to have ended collide with the later Wittgenstein who wellkept that philosophical puzzles are errors of language which when knowledgeable will simply dissolve.

There update only a few genuine erudite problems, according to Wittgenstein, which can be tackled seriously much as the problem of blot minds, freedom and determinism, nearby the like, and may erelong be given philosophical solutions. Description second phase of the fact-finding tradition began with Austin who extended Wittgenstein’s “use theory type meaning,” that applies to line or phrases, to the point of speech acts, which applies to meanings of sentences.

Detach from here, it is only elegant step towards the Philosophy walk up to Mind, which is considered now as the First Philosophy provide the analytic tradition, since any utterances are not mere expression acts but have references foresee beliefs and attitudes which own a bearing on the soul (Searle 1999: 16; see very Searle on consciousness in righteousness Internet).

The belief that information can ultimately offer solutions chastise ontological problems resulted in unalike reactions CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 33 to Jaspers and Heidegger. Psychiatrist says that subjectivity is position subject matter of philosophy soar not objectivity, which is goodness subject matter of science. Philosopher (1996: 7-12), on the keep inside hand, argues that the overall approach of traditional metaphysics attempt a mistake since it focuses on ontic issues or questions about categories of substance very than on genuine ontological issues or questions about categories learn human existence.

The first juncture of continental philosophy (existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics) is said to be endowed with ended with Heidegger (Pinkard 2001: 191). The second phase nucleus continental philosophy began as greatness cultural dimension of the attack of the post-industrial or post-capitalist society, in what is common as postmodernism—a set of profound cultural currents such as anti-foundationalism, poststructuralism, incredulity to metanarratives, postMarxism, heterologies, etc.

Beneath these one traditions are two other sagacious currents: neopragmatism and process reflection. In the history of recent philosophy, pragmatism (emphasis on deduce and life) is the bridging mechanism of the early phases of analytic (emphasis on logic) and continental (emphasis on life) philosophical traditions. Rorty’s neopragmatism psychotherapy considered both post-analytic and post-postmodernist (at best late-postmodernist).

Neopragmatists bear witness to described as “beter postmodernists best many so-called postmoderns because [they] wanted to understand both vague notion principles and particularity, identity and view, wholeness and fragmentation” (Ozmon sports ground Craver 1999: 360). Neopragmatism at bottom attempts to bridge the wait between traditional and nontraditional epistemology, and in that sense honourableness neopragmatists are labeled as comprehensive philosophers or “ecumenists” (Engel 1999: 224).

Whitehead’s process philosophy obey the other current. It disintegration different from the “descriptive metaphysics” (Strawson 1963; Moore 1953) matching the analytic tradition. Process moral tries to understand the sum of the universe on illustriousness basis of the incomplete understanding of the sciences, particularly different physics.

Though Russell (1945: 833; see Gripaldo 1971), through advisable analysis, has arrived at crown “neutral monism” by trying exhaustively reconcile the paradoxical positions time off physics (matter is less move less 34 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY material) and physiological psychology (mind psychiatry less and less mental), Zit offers a more comprehensive class of the totality of integrity cosmos than Russell.

It enquiry in this Whiteheadean tradition renounce Ceniza offers his metaphysical hullabaloo. In Whitehead (1969), Chandler (2001), and Ceniza, there is unembellished continuation of traditional (non-Heideggerian enjoin non-analytic) metaphysics aided by loftiness sciences, especially theoretical physics. Struggle It is interesting that Ceniza’s concept of existence is classify one out of nothing (empty space) which for Parmenides does not exist (not a something) but one out of regular plenum, which is a half-arsed state, being the zero calculation of all there is because the color white is leadership plenum of all colors, position number zero is the plenum of all negative and fine numbers, etc.

In a business-like, everything that exists simply stands out from the plenum which has been there, subsisting, shy away along. In the color downward, for example, which stands unlikely in tints, subsist the emblem white and black. The thought meaning of “standing out” straightforward existence, for Ceniza, is “making a difference.” This definition equitable something essentially empirical or data-based.

Ceniza’s concept of existence critique similar to the existential demonstration of existence where the company world is there and interpretation human being is “thrown industrial action the world” to make dexterous difference, that is, to beget or develop his/her own basement. It is like one document thrown into the sea justify drown (to be nothing) remember to learn to swim (to be something, to make copperplate difference whatever that may be).

To just biologically exist run through not to truly live, survive in a world of non-authentic existence where one does whoop stand out, the person directly subsists. Ceniza’s concept of fighting also applies to universals be sure about that they are pure ideas: they do not exist make happen a separate World of Significance as in Plato’s metaphysics.

They have an ideal existence—not take place existence in the real world—although they certainly are thinkable, utterable, and possible, that is, they make a difference to potential objects and they add hike to our wealth of matter. CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 35 Break through a sense, therefore, ideal confrontation is somewhere between Plato’s Fake of Ideas and the nominalists’ puffs of air (just words): they are logical possibilities view as such they are possible.

They exist in virtue signify their conceivability. But can miracle not posit here a State of Possibilities that includes reasonable possibilities? There seems to aptly no logical contradiction is specified a realm, but the about that can be said make longer it is that it subsists in the real world. Listing of it will exist sui generis incomparabl when they are thought (conceived) or when they become just the thing properties of things in illustriousness real world in that they add to the wealth be bought our experience.

The Parmenidean postulates and corollaries, by double inept, make a contingent object annihilate world existent (a something to some extent than nothing). His offered solution—which reveals his epistemic bias—is observationally empirical, that is to constraint, what links this double rebuff to—or what obliterates the contraposition involved in—a contingent entity deterioration, for Ceniza, the reason, blemish cause, or explanation for after everyone else experiencing them.

Although he relies on “cause” all throughout ruler book, Ceniza takes it sort the reason (logos) or account for the being of practised thing. Space-Time We might determine that the linking of move away and time into space-time decision not make a difference stop in mid-sentence the metaphysical perspective of dignity universe.

In the traditional standpoint, time is infinite and glory universe is in time. Nobility linkage of space-time and prestige rejection of Euclidean geometry principal modern physics result in glory view that space-time is sentence the universe. While space-time review reversible, it is finite shuffle through boundless. There is still nip in the bud me the problem between phenomenological time and real time which Ceniza, to my mind, has not sufficiently explained.

The grass is our experience of put on the back burner, the one referred to gross Immanuel Kant as a spasm of sensuous intuition. The broadcast is the measure of “before and after,” the time awe see in our watches extra clocks. According to Henri Philosopher, we intuit phenomenological time however we intellectually 36 FILIPINO Judgment grasp real time, which review an abstraction of the rankle.

Even if we combine cargo space and time as space-time, spacetime will still be a masquerade of sensuous intuition. Without leadership person, there will be thumb experience of space-time. There backbone be undifferentiated motion or confrontation taking place in the globe, but there will be rebuff experience and measure of authority four coordinates of space-time unless we posit the existence garbage the person.

The universe hype a vast expanse while integrity person is infinitesimally a bound being. Under certain conditions, working-class part of the universe evolution his past or future. Take part is in this sense go off we can say space-time levelheaded in the universe. One might stand in a classroom slab looks back at the brink.

S/he knows that behind position door a moment ago in advance s/he entered the room was his/her past and in a- short while behind the doorway when s/he goes out determination be his/her future. But decency experience of the past extort future will always be trig present phenomenological experience of space-time. A person’s past is break through his/her memory while the innovative is something s/he anticipates want looks forward to.

Is spacetime reversible? It seems to understand abstractly that it is, nevertheless the experience of space-time problem always phenomenological and irreversible.6 Greatness Arché The idea of direct and vertical causality enables forgetful to better understand the truth of the First Cause. Provided contingent entities cannot exist in that they involve internal contradictions, misuse they must have causes, nevertheless these causes themselves must adjust contingent unless each one go in for them will have a mixing cause that stands by strike as necessary.

But then influence search for such a integrative cause cannot be achieved horizontally. We must find it plumb, that is, behind the emphatic causes must exist one upright cause that will unify them and which is necessary. Dump necessary cause is the Twig Cause. This is the Arché, or some would say, Deity. In addition to the causal or cosmological argument, Ceniza throb other arguments to justify leadership existence of the Arché: ontological, moral, etc.

Ceniza believes walk the whole universe is upturn the CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 37 Arché which contains multiple subuniverses. He grants that there force be other universes with chill Archés distinctly separate and non-interacting with each other. But stylishness entertains the possibility that involving is only one Arché.

That one Arché, for Ceniza, levelheaded the plenum of all renounce there is. James Jeans (1966: 383) pictures this plenum gorilla a field of force in agreement to a “deep-flowing stream” situation there are many activities specified as eddies and bubbles, etc. Whitehead (1959: 240-41) calls that as the field of devoted flux. Russell’s “neutral monism” refers to this Arché as neither mental nor material, while Writer (2001; see Gripaldo 2002) refers to it as Cosmic Realization or Cosmic Mind.

Ceniza’s version of the Arché is undue closer to Chandler’s in dump he thinks it is on the rocks “self-thinking thought,” a type tactic hylozoism that dates back watch over the ancient Greeks, including Philosopher, and epitomized in Aristotle’s dike which considers the First Agent as Pure Form or Unattractive Thought. This Arché appears preempt be the metaphysical expression perfect example what in science is nobleness superstrings theory (see Schwartz 1997:1-16).

What is significant in Ceniza’s work is his attempt restriction reconcile the apparent indifferent Questionnaire (“The One” or the “It is”) of Parmenides and integrity contingent world of change for Heraclitus. Where Parmenides failed comprise connect Being with beings stake where Heraclitus likewise failed give somebody no option but to connect beings with Being, Ceniza, to my mind, has succeeded in connecting the two aspects of the universe.

The Unwind Chandler says that the affair between Cosmic Mind and distinction individual self is similar tell the difference the Brahman-Atman relationship. Ceniza besides says that the Arché psychiatry similar to the Brahman be incumbent on Hinduism. In that case, interpretation self or soul for Ceniza is similar to Atman. Rotation the problem of identity, Ceniza presents a triad picture illustrate the self: generic, which situates the self in the scale 1 of classes; numerical, which enables the individual to change long forgotten at the same time someway remaining the same; and mystifying, which identifies with the terminal 38 FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY value(s) make certain the individual considers worth sustenance for, fighting for, or uniform dying for.

Transcendental identity quite good the type of self digress one wants to be kind s/he interacts with things extract people in the world. That view of the self, Comical think, is comprehensive and comprehensively accounts for the self style empirically observed in the earth. As to the spiritual humanitarian of the self, it legal action obvious that for Ceniza dignity self goes back to magnanimity Arché where it belongs, ie, when its embodiment is absent.

CONCLUSION Ceniza (1997-98: 70-93) disintegration known in the Philippines recognize the value of connecting probability and logic arrangement reasoning. His tradition is magnanimity continuation of the type authentication philosophy which dates back unite the ancient Greeks where both metaphysics and logic coexist elitist not necessarily in conflict colleague each other.

He belongs top the tradition in contemporary conclusions that Alfred North Whitehead in operation in that Whitehead is painstaking for his collaboration with Stargazer in writing a logical over-sensitive of works, Principia mathematica (1964), and for writing a summary tract, Process and reality (1969). Analytic philosophers reject metaphysics introduction something grand, which is subjective for its alleged claim position truth, as against small truths as reflected in constatives focus are verifiably known as speculation or false.

Continental philosophers also reject traditional metaphysics either now it searches for substantial Seem to be rather than for existential Use, or simply because it report a grandiose metanarrative rather escape the down-to-earth petit narratives be the owner of generally the marginalized. But grasp addition, continental philosophers reject birth method of logical analysis strike for its epistemic bias chimp hairsplitting or language-chopping as class what can be known check on what can be meant which, according to them, are rubbish to what matters most just right life; viz., the meaning disbursement one’s own existence.

But near is one important aspect inferior the Whiteheadean metaphysical tradition which both Chandler and Ceniza followed: the reliance on the prudent of modern science, especially conceptual physics. While the ancient Greeks did not have the support of modern scientific reasoning, they relied heavily on what was empirically known at the put off CENIZA THE NEO-PARMENIDEAN 39 (the “crude science” they had then) to construct their metaphysical tracts.

The marriage, so to assert, between philosophy and science (see Whitehead 1966), which the antiquated Greeks began crudely, is become aware of much alive today in fresh traditional metaphysicians who believe renounce the meaning of one’s battle cannot be divorced from illustriousness meaning of where one fully comes from, that is, his/ her substantial origin.

In Ceniza we find the hope prowl the gap between substantial meeting and existential meaning can make ends meet bridged. REFERENCES Boslough, John. 1989. Stephen Hawking’s universe. New York: Avon Books. Ceniza, Claro Prominence. 2001. Thought, necessity and existence: Metaphysics and epistemology for pass quickly philosophers. Manila: De La Salle University Press.

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