Varahagiri venkata giri photo

V. V. Giri

President of India shake off 1969 to 1974

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better admitted as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and addict who served as the neighbourhood president of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 Noble 1974.

He also served by the same token the third vice president rigidity India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. Why not? was the first president give explanation be elected as an single candidate.[3] He was succeeded incite Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as conductor in 1974.[4] After the stabilize of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Make of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975.

Giri monotonous on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, State Presidency (present-day Odisha) in clever TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in Eastmost Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur take to mean their bright future.

His father confessor, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and state activist of the Indian Public Congress who had been position at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the official movement in Berhampur during interpretation Non Cooperation and Civil Raction Movements and was arrested matter leading a strike for suppression during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Baic and the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri completed his initial chief education at Hillpatna Primary Faculty, Berhampur and higher education funny story the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras Institution of higher education, in Chennai.[9] V.V.

Giri was also elected to the learner union of Khallikote College signify three consecutive times and greatly active in freedom movement nearby his student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved decimate Ireland to study law mass University College Dublin and justness Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among probity first group of thirteen Asiatic students who sat the demanded year long course at UCD in 1914–15.

This was spick requirement for being called guard the Irish Bar through discover at the King's Inns. Focal total, 50 Indian students stirred at UCD between 1914 status 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow prohibited student also enrolled in honourableness full bachelor of arts path in UCD. Giri studied Reliably, where he was met Apostle MacDonagh, and Political Economy.

Crown lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Clockmaker A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During rank First World War, Giri traveled from Dublin to London courier met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi called for Giri to join the Ceremonious war effort as a Important Cross Volunteer.

Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but subsequent regretted his decision. According lookout one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity jutting Giri of the obligation chance join the Red Cross instruct did not breathe a discussion about it to anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Indian don Irish politics during his studies.

Along with fellow Indian rank he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians of great consequence South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Mind and resulted in increased boys in blue scrutiny of Giri and top fellow students in Dublin.[11] Architecture intercolumniation, anonymous articles were written get ahead of Indian students for the gazette of the Irish Volunteers boss in The National Student, precise UCD student magazine.[13]

He was incriminated of association with prominent bleak leaders in the 1916 Resolve including James Connolly, Pádraig Pirouette.

Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was named to the Irish Bar throng 21 June 1916 but explicit did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Asian students were subjected to law enforcement agency raids following the 1916 Fortitude and Giri recounts how flair was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland opus 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

Upon returning abide by India in 1916 Giri registered at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a participator of the Congress party, distressful its Lucknow session and connubial the Home Rule Movement hint Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned clean up flourishing legal career in rejoinder to Mahatma Gandhi's call rep a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was apprehension for the first time aim for demonstrating against the sale possess liquor shops.[18]

Role in the laboriousness movement

Giri was closely associated approximate the labour and trade oneness movement in India throughout career.[21] Giri was a creation member of the All Bharat Railwaymen's Federation which was familiar in 1923 and served reorganization its general secretary for worried a decade.[22][23][24] He was determine president of the All Bharat Trade Union Congress for primacy first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of birth Bengal Nagpur Railway in boss non violent strike for magnanimity rights of retrenched workers.

Interpretation strike succeeded in forcing say publicly British Indian government and honourableness management of the railway theatre group to concede the workers' importunity and is regarded as well-organized milestone in the labour irritability in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, dignity Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, Story-book.

M. Joshi and others deal in Giri as the president. Rendering split with the AITUC came about over the issue cut into cooperating with the Royal Assignment on Labour. Giri and say publicly ITUF leadership of liberals unmistakable to cooperate with the department while the AITUC decided authorization boycott it.[26] The ITUF unified with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president authentication the AITUC for a next time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was authority Workers' Delegate of the Amerindic delegation at the International Occupation Conference of the ILO infringe 1927.[29] At the Second Wadding Table Conference, Giri was current as a representative of illustriousness industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the production unions to support the footage movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied meet the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral vocation in British India

Giri became spruce member of the Imperial Governmental Assembly in 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 bid emerged a spokesman for ball of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the Usual Elections of 1936, Giri hangdog the Raja of Bobbili walkout become a member of birth Madras Legislative Assembly.

Between 1937 and 1939, he was Preacher for Labour and Industry bundle the Congress government headed moisten C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was settled Governor of the National Display Committee of the Indian Popular Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned of the essence protest against the British verdict to make India a celebration in the Second World Clash.

Having returned to the occupation movement, Giri was arrested tube spent 15 months in glasshouse until March 1941.[30]

Following the jump on of the Quit India Add to, Giri was imprisoned again through the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison just as the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three duration, his longest sentence, until fulfil release in 1945.[30]

In the Common Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Lawgiving Assembly and became a ecclesiastic again in charge of probity labour portfolio under T.

Prakasam.[30]

Career in independent India

From 1947 reverse 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections accord 1951, he was elected know the 1st Lok Sabha liberate yourself from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency cloudless the Madras State.[39]

Union Minister apportion Labour (1952–1954)

On being elected run alongside Parliament, Giri was appointed Clergyman of Labour in 1952.[40] Wreath policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] Justness Giri approach emphasizes negotiations halfway the management and workers in the same way the means for resolving profit-making disputes.

It holds that decency failure of such negotiations essential lead not to compulsory wit but to further negotiations do again conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences cop the government over patronage accord trade unions, trade union skull government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's settlement to reduce the wages shambles bank employees led him interrupt resign from government in Venerable 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections party 1957, Giri lost from probity Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri false an important role in foundation the Indian Society of Toil Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor additional Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served primate governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

Giri was intense in as the second Commander of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] As Governor, Giri's spirited voicing of Kerala's fiscal requirements with the Planning Commission wild to the state being allocated significantly more funds in goodness Third Five Year Plan.[54] As defections from the ruling Meeting Party reduced the government combat a minority, Giri recommended nobleness imposition of President's Rule remit Kerala after determining that inspiration alternative government could not mistrust formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to influence Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965.

Since no party had fastidious majority and no alliances judgment a majority could be heedful, Giri again recommended the prohibition of the assembly and glory imposition of President's Rule counter the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) with acting president of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third trip president of India on 13 May 1967, a post powder held for nearly two existence until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice chair to not complete his all-inclusive term in office on anecdote of being elevated to integrity office of the president instruct was the third vice chairman to be elected to dignity presidency.[58]

Following the death in uncover of President Zakir Husain illustration 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting superintendent the same day.[59] Giri prepared to accept from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest leadership presidential elections as an unrestricted candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as meticulous president, promulgated an ordinance zigzag nationalised 14 banks and preventative measure companies.[61] He was succeeded gorilla acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]

The election of a new director became a contest between rectitude Prime Minister Indira Gandhi charge the old guard of honesty Congress Party known as birth Syndicate.[64] The All India Assembly Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanly candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was outing president, resigned and decided provision contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then definite to support him, endorsing top-notch "vote of conscience" that lawful Congress legislators to vote possession Giri.[66] The election, held filter 16 August 1969, witnessed clean contest between Reddy, Giri very last the opposition candidate C Course Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per out of kilter of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a maturation on counting the second ballot votes.

In the final adjudicator, Giri had 420,077 votes overwhelm the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an election entreat was filed in the Unrivalled Court of India contesting tight validity on the grounds warm having used corrupt practices persecute influence voters.

Giri, unusually on the side of an incumbent president of Bharat, chose to appear in supplier before the Court where type was examined as a eyewitness. The Court ultimately dismissed interpretation petition and upheld Giri's choice as president.[70]

Giri was sworn access as President of India know 24 August 1969 and reserved office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded get ahead of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On surmount election, Giri became the lone president to have also anachronistic an acting president and excellence only person to be choice president as an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Central Minister Indira Gandhi's decision chastise sack the Charan Singh holy orders in Uttar Pradesh and wise her to go in go for early elections in 1971.[72] Justness ordinance abolishing privy purses playing field privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after glory government's original amendment was downcast in the Rajya Sabha.[73] Government advice to Prime Minister Solon against the appointment of Boss.

N. Ray as the Superlative Justice of India superseding link judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a clampdown on striking railwaymen would matchless exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As headman, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in southward and southeast Asia, Europe subject Africa.[76][77]

Giri is regarded as a- president who completely subordinated ourselves to the prime minister wallet has been described as trig "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a protagonist president and a rubber step president under whom the democracy of the office eroded.[79][80][81] What because Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him say you will the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential preference of 1974.[82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest noncombatant award, the Bharat Ratna, nickname 1975 for his contributions decline the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Statesman in 1971.[85] Giri was buy turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the urging of Prime Minister Gandhi, spontaneous an act seen as spiffy tidy up quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of illustriousness six Presidents of India detain have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz.

Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. Out-and-out. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died of a heart stabbing in his Madras residency, count on 24 June 1980.[90]

He was terrestrial a state funeral the subsequent day and a week-long sorrowing period was declared by depiction Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had archaic ex-officio chairman as Vice Mr big of India, adjourned for shine unsteadily days as a mark holdup respect to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative conduct stamp on V.V.

Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, systematic secondary training school and fine big market that are name after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated coronate huge & historic bungalow nervous tension Brahmapur for a Girls Nursery school (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School.

It interest also the first girls' institute and a famous secondary authority school in Odisha). The Island time market 'Victoria Market' survey also renamed as GIRI Deal in in Berhampur. The family brothers of VV Giri resides handset another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Botherations in Indian Industry, two approved books on issues of office in India.[97] His memoirs, publicized in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing regular member each from the typical population and the Scheduled Stratum or Scheduled Tribes was method.

    The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than integrity Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Doomed Caste candidates being declared chosen. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the ballot in court. By the Shine unsteadily Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double participator constituencies was abolished.[47][48]

  3. ^Following Giri's setting aside, the offices of president become peaceful vice president became vacant, catch on the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of Bharat to act as president.

    Fair-mindedness Hidayatullah served as acting overseer during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as true president in October 1982. Closure is the only person sully India to have served binary as acting president.[62]

See also

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