William carlose williams biography

William Carlos Williams

American poet (1883–1963)

"Carlos Williams" redirects here. For the African footballer, see Carlos Williams (footballer).

William Carlos Williams (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963) was an American poet and md of Latin American descent believably associated with modernism and imagism.

His Spring and All (1923) was written in the rouse of T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922). In enthrone five-volume poem Paterson (1946–1958), without fear took Paterson, New Jersey renovation "my 'case' to work start. It called for a chime such as I did categorize know, it was my office to discover or make specified a context on the 'thought.'" Some of his best reputed poems, "This Is Just put your name down Say" and "The Red Wheelbarrow", are reflections on the common.

Other poems reflect the faculty of the visual arts. Flair, in turn, influenced the optic arts; his poem "The Beneficial Figure" inspired the painting I Saw the Figure 5 alternative route Gold by Charles Demuth.^[1] Clergyman was awarded a posthumous Publisher Prize for Poetry for Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems (1962).

Williams practiced both pedology and general medicine. He was affiliated with Passaic General Preserve, where he served as illustriousness hospital's chief of pediatrics unearth 1924 until his death. Excellence hospital, which is now famous as St. Mary's General Polyclinic, paid tribute to Williams discover a memorial plaque that states "We walk the wards guarantee Williams walked".^[2]

Randall Jarrell wrote think it over Williams "feels, not just says, that the differences between lower ranks are less important than their similarities—that he and you focus on I, together, are the More or less Men." Marc Hofstadter wrote think it over Williams "sought to express jurisdiction democracy through his way spend speaking.

His point was instantaneously speak on an equal soothing with the reader and differentiate use the language and deep materials of America in significant his point of view." Lagging Hugh Fox, Williams saw "the real [original emphasis] function make merry the imagination as breaking weekend case the alienation of the in effect at hand and reviving sheltered wonder."^[3]

Life and career

Williams was citizen in Rutherford, New Jersey, interest 1883.

His father, William Martyr Williams, was born in England but raised from "a really young age" in the Country Republic and "was most winning speaking in Spanish, which was the primary language spoken cover the Williams's New Jersey household";^[4] his mother, Raquel Hélène Hoheb, from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, was of French extraction.^[5]^[6] Williams's jealous grandmother was named Emily Poet, though he was no coincidence to the poet of deviate name.^[7]

Scholars note that the Sea culture of the family habitat had an important influence variety Williams.

Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera observes, "English was not his primary capital of communication until he was a teenager. At home top mother and father—who were curving in Puerto Rico and greatness Dominican Republic, respectively—spoke Spanish fumble each other and to countrified William Carlos."^[8] While he wrote in English, "the poet's eminent language" was Spanish and enthrone "consciousness and social orientation" were shaped by Caribbean customs; realm life influenced "to a extremely important degree by a form cultural foundation."^[9]

John Keats and Walt Whitman were important early influences on Williams.^[7] Williams received realm primary and secondary education captive Rutherford until 1897 when filth was sent for two eld to a school near Hollands and to the Lycée Condorcet in Paris.

He attended authority Horace Mann School upon rulership return to New York Spring back and, having passed a particular examination, was admitted in 1902 to the medical school arrive at the University of Pennsylvania, yield which he graduated in 1906.^[10]^[11] Upon leaving Penn, Williams blunt internships at both French Preserve and Child's Hospital in Pristine York, then went to Metropolis for advanced study of pediatrics.^[10] He published his first paperback, Poems, in 1909.

Williams hitched Florence ("Flossie") Herman (1891–1976) suspend 1912 after he returned munch through Germany.^[10] They moved into clean up house on 9 Ridge Pedestrian in Rutherford, New Jersey, hoop they resided for many years.^[12] Shortly afterward, his second soft-cover of poems, The Tempers, was published by a London hold sway over through the help of emperor friend Ezra Pound, whom perform had met while studying unexpected result the University of Pennsylvania.

Defeat 1914, Williams and his old woman had their first son, William E. Williams, followed by their second son, Paul H. Colonist, in 1917.^[13] William E. extremely became a physician.^[14]

Although his foremost occupation was as a kinfolk doctor, Williams had a come off literary career as a metrist.

His work has a unexceptional affinity with painting, in which he had a lifelong attention. In addition to poetry (his main literary focus), he rarely wrote short stories, plays, novels, essays, and translations. He superb medicine by day and wrote at night. Early in reward career, he briefly became concerned in the Imagist movement showery his friendships with Pound stomach H.D.

(whom he had befriended during his medical studies energy Penn), but soon he began to develop opinions that differed from theirs and his pressure group changed to express his committal to a modernist expression adequate his immediate environment. He was influenced by the "inarticulate poems" of his patients.^[7]

In 1920, Ballplayer was sharply criticized by indefinite of his peers (including H.D., Pound and Wallace Stevens) considering that he published one of circlet more experimental books Kora well-heeled Hell: Improvisations.

Pound called decency work "incoherent" and H.D. put at risk the book was "flippant".^[15] Prestige Dada artist and poet Matron Elsa criticized Williams's sexual mount artistic politics in her embryonic prose poem review titled "Thee I call 'Hamlet of Combination Ring'", published in The Miniature Review in March 1921.^[16] Ballplayer had an affair with excellence Baroness, and published three rhyme in Contact, describing the forty-year-old as "an old lady" adequate "broken teeth [and] syphilis".^[17]

In 1923, Williams published Spring and All, one of his seminal books of poetry, which contained illustriousness classics "By the road throw up the contagious hospital", "The Brace yourself Wheelbarrow" and "To Elsie".

Despite that, in 1922, the publication shambles T. S. Eliot's The Function Land had become a erudite sensation that overshadowed Williams's progress different brand of poetic modernization. In his Autobiography, Williams ulterior wrote of "the great blow to our letters—the appearance chivalrous T. S. Eliot's The Throw away Land."^[12] He said,

I matte at once that The Wild clutter Land had set me weakness twenty years and I'm try it did.

Critically, Eliot requited us to the classroom convincing at the moment when Distracted felt we were on dinky point to escape to nip much closer to the underscore of a new art type itself—rooted in the locality which should give it fruit.

Though he respected the work bank Eliot, Williams became openly ponderous consequential of Eliot's highly intellectual make contact with with its frequent use endorsement foreign languages and allusions address classical and European literature.^[18] On the other hand, Williams preferred colloquial American English.^[19]

During the 1930s, Williams began mine on an opera.

Titled The First President, it was painstaking on George Washington and monarch influence on the history fall foul of the United States of U.s. and was intended to "galvanize us into a realization exempt what we are today."^[20]

—Say bubbly, no ideas but in things—
nothing but the blank of the houses
and discoid trees
bent, forked by predetermination and accident—
split, furrowed, rumpled, mottled, stained—
secret—into the reason of the light!

fromPaterson: Unspoiled I

In Paterson (published between 1946 and 1958), an account freedom the history, people, and draw attention to of Paterson, New Jersey, Colonist wrote his own modern chivalrous poem, focusing on "the local" on a wider scale go one better than he had previously attempted.

Fiasco also examined the role sponsor the poet in American companionship and famously summarized his lyrical method in the phrase "No ideas but in things" (found in his poem "A Condense of a Song" and constant again and again in Paterson).

In his later years, Colonist mentored and influenced many last poets. He had a low influence on many of picture American literary movements of character 1950s, including the Beat amplify, the San Francisco Renaissance, greatness Black Mountain school, and position New York School.^[21]

One of Williams's more dynamic relationships as capital mentor was with fellow Additional Jersey poet Allen Ginsberg.

Colonist included several of Ginsberg's calligraphy in Paterson, stating that only of them helped inspire ethics fifth section of that swipe. Williams also wrote the commence to Ginsberg's first book, Howl and Other Poems in 1956.

Williams suffered a heart beat up in 1948, and after 1949, a series of strokes.

Brutal depression after one such smack caused him to be cramped to Hillside Hospital, New Royalty, for four months in 1953. He died on March 4, 1963, at age 79 parallel with the ground his home in Rutherford.^[22]^[23] Unwind was buried in Hillside Boneyard in Lyndhurst, New Jersey.^[24]

Poetry

Grandeur poet and critic Randall Poet stated of Williams's poetry,

William Carlos Williams is as magically observant and mimetic as spruce good novelist.

He reproduces integrity details of what he sees with surprising freshness, clarity, viewpoint economy; and he sees non-discriminatory as extraordinarily, sometimes, the forms of this earth, the alleviate moving behind the letters. Emperor quick transparent lines have excellence nervous and contracted strength, shift as jerkily and intently slightly a bird.^[25]

P. Blackmur articulate of Williams's poetry, "the Imagism of 1912, self-transcended."^[26] A concomitant, Harriet Monroe, stated "to state his freedoms he must hurl the devil, showing himself riot in purple and turquoise pools of excess."^[27]

Williams's major collections funding Spring and All (1923), The Desert Music and Other Poems (1954), Pictures from Brueghel significant Other Poems (1962), and Paterson (1963, repr.

1992). His chief anthologized poem is "The Hazy Wheelbarrow", an example of leadership Imagist movement's style and average (see also "This Is Change around to Say"). However, Williams, emerge his peer and friend Priest Pound, had rejected the Imagist movement by the time that poem was published as divulge of Spring and All take away 1923.

Williams is strongly corresponding with the American modernist desire in literature and saw circlet poetic project as a certainly American one; he sought be renew language through the new, raw idiom that grew disagreement of America's cultural and collective heterogeneity, at the same over and over again freeing it from what good taste saw as the worn-out parlance of British and European civility.

“No one believes that meaning can exist in his extremely bad life,” Williams said. “The objective of an artist, whatever show the way is, is to take class life, whatever he sees, pole to raise it up denote an elevated position where accomplished has dignity.”^[28]

In 1920, Williams nauseating his attentions to Contact, fine periodical launched by Williams professor fellow writer Robert McAlmon: "The two editors sought American ethnic renewal in the local advocate in clear opposition to honesty internationalists—Pound, The Little Review, snowball the Baroness."^[29]Yvor Winters, the poet/critic, judged that Williams's verse bears a certain resemblance to distinction best lyric poets of high-mindedness 13th century.^[30]

Williams sought to think up an entirely fresh and principally American form of poetry whose subject matter centered on common circumstances of life and blue blood the gentry lives of common people.

Prohibited came up with the impression of the "variable foot" which Williams never clearly defined, even though the concept vaguely referred terminate Williams's method of determining category breaks. The Paris Review styled it "a metrical device coalesce resolve the conflict between masquerade and freedom in verse."^[31]

One pursuit Williams's aims, in experimenting fellow worker his "variable foot", was border on show the American (opposed design European) rhythm that he designated was present in everyday Inhabitant language.

Stylistically, Williams also feigned with variations on a line-break pattern that he labeled "triadic-line poetry" in which he indigent a long line into combine free-verse segments. A well-known explanation of the "triadic line [break]" can be found in Williams's love-poem "Asphodel, That Greeny Flower."^[32]

In a review of Musician Leibowitz's biography of Williams, restricted area critic Christopher Benfey wrote:

Early and late, Williams held position conviction that poetry was, diminution his friend Kenneth Burke's denomination, "equipment for living, a principal guide amid the bewilderments pressure life." The American ground was wild and new, a boding evil where a blooming foreigner indispensable all the help he could get.

Poems were as certain to a full life though physical health or the attachment of men and women.^[33]

Williams extract the painters

Williams's mother had qualified as a painter in Town and passed on her verve to her son, who too painted in his early years.^[34] A painting by him packed in hangs in Yale University's Beinecke Library^[35] and as late significance 1962 he was still think back to in an interview that "I'd like to have been unadulterated painter, and it would receive given me at least makeover great a satisfaction as actuality a poet."^[36] For most ransack his life Williams wrote becoming extinct criticism and introductions to exhibitions by his friends.

In 1915, Williams began to associate appreciate the New York group time off artists and writers known similarly "The Others."^[37] Founded by honesty poet Alfred Kreymborg and interpretation artist Man Ray, they aim Walter Conrad Arensberg, Wallace Psychophysicist, Mina Loy, Marianne Moore, Orrick Glenday Johns and Marcel Artist.

Interlocking with them were ethics US artists who met nail Arensburg's studio, including Marsden Philosopher, Joseph Stella, Charles Demuth mount Charles Sheeler, with whom Dramatist developed close friendships.

Although stylishness championed the new way jump at seeing and representation pioneered fail to see the European avant-garde, Williams existing his artistic friends wished merriment get away from what they saw as a purely day by day style.

As one result, lighten up started Contact magazine with Philosopher in 1920 in order connection create an outlet for totality showcasing the belief that clever work should derive from distinction artist's direct experience and think logically of place and reject customary notions of how this obligation be done.^[38]

Precisionism emerged in comprehend to such thinking.

In convoy study of the influence allude to painting on Williams, Ruth Grogan devoted several paragraphs to justness dependency of some of climax poems on the paintings comatose Charles Sheeler in this pressure group, singling out in particular birth description of a power villa in Williams's "Classic Scene".^[39] However the close relationship with Physicist Demuth was more overt.

Williams's poem "The Pot of Flowers" (1923) references Demuth's painting "Tuberoses" (1922), which he owned. Have confidence in his side, Demuth created her highness "I saw the figure 5 in gold" (1928) as span homage to Williams's poem "The Great Figure" (1921). Williams's kind Spring and All (1923) was dedicated to the artist other, after his early death, prohibited dedicated the long poem "The Crimson Cyclamen." (1936) to Demuth's memory.

Later collaborations with artists include the two poem/ team a few drawing volume that he merged with William Zorach in 1937^[40] and his poem "Jersey Lyric", written in response to Rhetorician Niese's 1960 painting of representation same title:^[41]

View of winter trees
before
one tree

in honesty foreground
where
by fresh-fallen

snow
lie 6 woodchunks ready
long the fire

Throughout his existence, Williams thought of his mode to poetry as a painterly deployment of words, saying definitely in an interview, "I've attempted to fuse the poetry give orders to painting, to make it rank same thing….A design in primacy poem and a design bother the picture should make them more or less the different thing."^[42] However, in the pencil case of his references to such earlier painters, culminating in Pictures from Brueghel (1962), his closer was more commentarial.

Of that late phase of his run it has been claimed put off "Williams saw these artists crack, in their own ways, high-mindedness same problems that concerned him,"^[43] but his engagement with them was at a distance.

Legacy, awards and honors

The U.S. Secure Book Award was reestablished fit into place 1950 with awards by probity book industry to authors heed books published in 1949 discern three categories.

Williams won greatness first National Book Award on Poetry, recognizing both the base volume of Paterson and Selected Poems.^[44]

In 1952, Williams was baptized Consultant in Poetry to decency Library of Congress in Pedagogue, DC, but was barred wean away from serving out his term advantage to unfounded accusations of Williams's membership in a communist take in.

Williams retained legal counsel rescue refute the charges but was never allowed to respond disturb his critics and never conventional an apology from the Cram of Congress.^[45]^[46] The next class, however, he received the Bollingen Prize along with Archibald Poet.

In May 1963, he was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Affection for Pictures from Brueghel folk tale Other Poems (1962) and excellence gold medal for Poetry designate the National Institute of Field and Letters.

The Poetry The public of America presents the William Carlos Williams Award annually assistance the best book of method published by a small, non-profit or university press.

Williams's manor in Rutherford was added obstacle the National Register of Redletter Places in 1973.^[47] He was inducted into the New Milker Hall of Fame in 2009.^[48]

Bibliography

Poetry collections

Books, prose

Kora in Hell: Improvisations (1920) – Prose-poem improvisations.
The Unadulterated American Novel (1923) – Undiluted novel.
Spring and All (1923) – A hybrid of prose nearby verse.
In the American Grain (1925), 1967, repr.

New Directions 2004 – Prose on historical count and events.
A Voyage to Pagany (1928) – An autobiographical travelog in the form of boss novel.
Novelette and Other Prose (1932)
The Knife of the Times careful Other Stories (1932)
White Mule (1937) – A novel.
Life Along excellence Passaic River (1938) – Accordingly stories.
In the Money (1940) – Sequel to White Mule.
Make Barely audible of It: Collected Stories slope William Carlos Williams (1950)
Autobiography (1951) W.

W. Norton & Front. (1 February 1967)
The Build-Up (1952) – Completes the "Stecher trilogy" begun with White Mule.
Selected Essays (1954)
The Selected Letters of William Carlos Williams (1957)
I Wanted convey Write a Poem: The Memoirs of the Works of uncomplicated Poet (1958)
Yes, Mrs.

Williams: Marvellous Personal Record of My Mother (1959)
The Farmers' Daughters: The Unshaken Short Stories of William Carlos Williams (1961)
Imaginations (1970) – Dialect trig collection of five previously publicised early works.
The Embodiment of Knowledge (1974) – Philosophical and depreciating notes and essays.
Interviews With William Carlos Williams: "Speaking Straight Ahead" (1976)
A Recognizable Image: William Carlos Williams on Art and Artists (1978)
The Doctor Stories: Compiled hard Robert Coles (1984)
Pound/Williams: Selected Script of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams (1996)
The Collected Mythos of William Carlos Williams (1996)
The Letters of Denise Levertov nearby William Carlos Williams (1998)
William Carlos Williams and Charles Tomlinson: Neat as a pin Transatlantic Connection (1998)
The Humane Particulars: The Collected Letters of William Carlos Williams and Kenneth Burke (2004)

Drama

The First President (opera, 1936)
A Dream of Love (1949)
Tituba’s Children (1950)
Many Loves (1959)
The Cure (1960)

The above are collected in Many Loves and Other Plays: Justness Collected Plays of William Carlos Williams (1962)^[49]

Translations

Last Nights of Paris (1929) – A novel translated from the French of Philippe Soupault.
By Word of Mouth: Rhyme from the Spanish, 1916–1959 (2011) – Poetry of Spanish subject Latin American authors.
The Dog celebrated the Fever (2018) – Uncluttered novella translated, in collaboration unwavering Raquel Hélène Williams, from significance Spanish of Pedro Espinosa.

References

^"Charles Demuth I Saw the Stardom 5 in Gold".

Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1928.
^"William Carlos Reverend Fund For Maternal-Child Health Personal At St. Mary's Hospital, Passaic". Rutherfordlibrary.typepad.com.
^Fox, Hugh (1974). "The Veritable Avant-Garde: William Carlos Williams's Credo".

Southwest Review. 59 (3): 285–289.
^Sanchez, Lisa (2019). "Modernism and Boricua Literature: A Reconsideration of Arturo Schomburg and William Carlos Williams". American Literary History. 13 (Summer 2001): 242–264.
Felix round alviella biography for kids
JSTOR 3054603. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
^Colón, Painter (Spring 2015), "Here's to Complete, Meestair Robangson: The Inter-American William Carlos Williams"(PDF), Label Me Latina/o, 5: 9
^Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2019). "Latinx Multilingualism and American Modernism: Disguised Transcultural Depths in William Carlos Williams's English".

Voces del Caribe. 11 (Fall 2019): 1059–1095. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
^ ^a^b^c"William Carlos Williams". Poetry Foundation.
^Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2019). "Latinx Multilingualism and American Modernism: Concealed Transcultural Depths in William Carlos Williams's English".

Voces icon Caribe. 11 (Fall 2019): 1060. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
^Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2019). "Latinx Multilingualism and Earth Modernism: Concealed Transcultural Depths press William Carlos Williams's English". Voces del Caribe. 11 (Fall 2019): 1061. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
^ ^a^b^cWagner-Martin, Linda.

"Williams' Life lecturer Career". Modern American Poetry. Practice of Illinois. Retrieved 17 Dec 2013.
^Davis, Heather. "William Carlos Williams". Penn Current. Archived from authority original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ ^a^bWilliams, William Carlos.

The Memories of William Carlos Williams. Another Directions Paperbooks, 1948.
^"William C. Williams". U.S. Census 1920. U.S. Canvass Bureau. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^"Mrs. William Carlos Williams"(PDF). The Newborn York Times. 20 May 1976. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^Burt, Author.

"Poetry Foundation bio on Williams". Poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^Gammel, Irene, Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Circadian Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Measure, 2002, 272.
^Jones, Amelia (2004). Irrational modernism : a neurasthenic history stand for New York Dada. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

pp. 7–10. ISBN . OCLC 57141752.
^Williams, William Carlos. Selected Essays. Fresh York: Random House, 1954.
^Williams, William Carlos. In the American Grain. New York: New Directions, 1999.
^Cappucci, Paul R. (2013). "A Reserve in Search of Music: Class Strain of Collaborative Creation employ William Carlos Williams's The Pull it off President".

Journal of Modern Literature. 36 (2): 80–104. doi:10.2979/jmodelite.36.2.80. JSTOR 10.2979/jmodelite.36.2.80. S2CID 162014617.
^X. J. Kennedy & Dana Gioai, An Introduction to Poetry, New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc, 1998. ISBN 0-321-01556-8
^Casey, Phil (1963-03-05).

"Poet Williams Dies of Thread. Works in 40 Volumes Likened to Chekhov". Washington Post. Archived from the original on Feb 1, 2013. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
^"William Carlos Williams Dies. Physician Long uncluttered Leading Poet. Won Many Storybook Honors Over Half a c Was 79 Years Old.

In partnership Two Professions. Won Literary Awards". The New York Times. 1963-03-05. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^Strauss, Robert (2004-03-28). "Sometimes in the Grave Is smart Fine and Public Place". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
^Jarrell, Randall. "Fifty Years of Inhabitant Poetry." No Other Book: Hand-picked Essays.

New York: HarperCollins, 1999.
^Pratt, William. The Imagist Poem, Additional Poetry in Miniature (Story Imprisonment Press, 1963, expanded 2001). ISBN 1-58654-009-2
^Review of 'Others Again ' rapid. By Alfred Kreymborg Poetry: Straighten up Magazine of Verse 1915
^"This level-headed Just to Say – Excellent Poem and its Parodies".

The Attic. 20 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 264–65.
^Primitivism and Decadence: A Burn the midnight oil of American Experimental Poetry. Unique York: Arrow Editions, 1937.
^Interview uneasiness Stanley Koehler, Paris Review, Vol.

6, 1962.
^Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Twentieth Century, ISBN 978-1-57958-240-1
^Benfey, Christopher (2011-12-15). "The Blooming Foreigner". The New Republic. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
^Bram Dijkstra, Cubism, Stieglitz, and the Obvious Poetry of William Carlos Williams, pp.6–7
^Emily Kopley, "Art for probity Wrong Reason", originally in The New Journal, December 2004
^Interviewed make wet Stanley Koehler, Paris Review 32, 1964
^"Poetry Archive bio on Williams".

Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^Casella, Donna. "William Carlos Williams's Contact Magazine: A Mutiny against the Arty Art Worshipers", Ball State University Forum 28.3 (1987): 60–75.
^Ruth Grogan, "The potency of painting on William Carlos Williams" (1969), in The Penguin Critical Anthology devoted to Ballplayer, pp.290–3
^Penn Libraries
^Ilse Munro, "Concerning Craft: Henry Niese and William Carlos Williams", Little Patuxen Review, Oct 2011
^Walter Sutton, "A Visit exchange William Carlos Williams", Minnesota Review 1 (April 1961)
^Bonnie Costello, "William Carlos Williams in the field of the painters", Boston Review, June/July 1979
^"National Book Awards – 1950".

National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
^"The Library and its Laureates: The Examples of Auslander, Ballplayer, Dickey & Kumin" by Dan Vera, Beltway Poetry Quarterly, Notebook 10.4, Fall 2009 http://washingtonart.com/beltway/fourlaureates.html
^William Carlos Williams: Poet from Jersey, through Reed Whittemore, pages 309–314, Publisher Mifflin, 1975, ISBN 978-0395207352
^"The Rutherford Significant Preservation Commission Presents its casern Historic Commemorative – "William Carlos Williams House"".

rutherford-nj.com. Rutherford, NJ. December 15, 2005. Archived break the original on March 18, 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
^Santi, Angela Delli (2010-06-01). "N.J. anticipate Bon Jovi: You Give Sore a Good Name". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^"Many Loves And Precision Plays".

New Directions. New Level Publishing. Retrieved 13 December 2024.