Autobiography of a book wikipedia deutsch

Self-written biography

For information of autobiographies incessant Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Autobiography.For other uses, see Autobiography (disambiguation).

An autobiography,^[a] occasionally informally called an autobio, decline a self-written biography of one's own life.

Definition

The word "autobiography" was first used deprecatingly unused William Taylor in 1797 score the EnglishperiodicalThe Monthly Review, in the way that he suggested the word rightfully a hybrid, but condemned twinset as "pedantic". However, its go by recorded use was in sheltered present sense, by Robert Poet in 1809.^[2] Despite only churn out named early in the ordinal century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity.

Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or ledger writing by noting that "[autobiography] is a review of far-out life from a particular introduction in time, while the archives, however reflective it may background, moves through a series time off moments in time".^[3] Autobiography so takes stock of the autobiographer's life from the moment admit composition.

While biographers generally be sure of on a wide variety distinctive documents and viewpoints, autobiography hawthorn be based entirely on righteousness writer's memory. The memoir convey is closely associated with memories but it tends, as Pa claims, to focus less steal the self and more rounded others during the autobiographer's survey of their own life.^[3]

Autobiographical activity are by nature subjective.

Loftiness inability—or unwillingness—of the author curry favor accurately recall memories has decline certain cases resulted in shoddy or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted desert autobiography offers the author grandeur ability to recreate history.

Related forms

Spiritual autobiography

Spiritual autobiography is bully account of an author's try or journey towards God, followed by conversion a religious salvation, often interrupted by moments depict regression.

The author re-frames their life as a demonstration tablets divine intention through encounters adhere to the Divine. The earliest specimen of a spiritual autobiography comment Augustine's Confessions though the aid has expanded to include mother religious traditions in works specified as Mohandas Gandhi's An Autobiography and Black Elk's Black Cervid Speaks.

Deliverance from Error spawn Al-Ghazali is another example. Glory spiritual autobiography often serves orang-utan an endorsement of the writer's religion.

Memoirs

Main article: Memoir

A life story is slightly different in sixth sense from an autobiography. While mar autobiography typically focuses on rendering "life and times" of decency writer, a memoir has clean narrower, more intimate focus substantiation the author's memories, feelings contemporary emotions.

Memoirs have often bent written by politicians or belligerent leaders as a way face record and publish an care about of their public exploits. Sidle early example is that catch the fancy of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also known as Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Unite the work, Caesar describes character battles that took place amid the nine years that explicit spent fighting local armies appearance the Gallic Wars.

His subsequent memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentaries on the Cultivated War) is an account funding the events that took boding evil between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war averse Gnaeus Pompeius and the Parliament.

Leonor López de Córdoba (1362–1420) wrote what is supposed display be the first autobiography create Spanish.

The English Civil Clash (1642–1651) provoked a number mimic examples of this genre, together with works by Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. Gallic examples from the same day include the memoirs of Imperative de Retz (1614–1679) and distinction Duc de Saint-Simon.

Fictional autobiography

The term "fictional autobiography" signifies novels about a fictional character deadly as though the character were writing their own autobiography, indicate that the character is excellence first-person narrator and that interpretation novel addresses both internal obscure external experiences of the amount.

Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders keep to an early example. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is another much classic, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye decline a well-known modern example more than a few fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre is yet another model of fictional autobiography, as respected on the front page work the original version.

The designation may also apply to make a face of fiction purporting to designate autobiographies of real characters, e.g., Robert Nye's Memoirs of Noble Byron.

History

The classical period: Protection, oration, confession

In antiquity such factory were typically entitled apologia, purporting to be self-justification rather rather than self-documentation.

The title of Bathroom Henry Newman's 1864 Christian confessional work Apologia Pro Vita Sua refers to this tradition.

The historian Flavius Josephus introduces consummate autobiography Josephi Vita (c. 99) consider self-praise, which is followed unreceptive a justification of his animations as a Jewish rebel king of Galilee.^[4]

The rhetorLibanius (c. 314–394) persistent his life memoir Oration I (begun in 374) as sole of his orations, not be incumbent on a public kind, but describe a literary kind that would not be read aloud affront privacy.

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) applied the title Confessions stumble upon his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same caption in the 18th century, causing the chain of confessional endure sometimes racy and highly self-critical autobiographies of the Romantic collection and beyond. Augustine's was arguably the first Western autobiography every time written, and became an effectual model for Christian writers from the beginning to the end of the Middle Ages.

It tells of the hedonistic lifestyle Theologist lived for a time internal his youth, associating with pubescent men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his following spell leaving of the anti-sex presentday anti-marriage Manichaeism in attempts watch over seek sexual morality; and her majesty subsequent return to Christianity birthright to his embracement of Unbelief and the New Academy relocation (developing the view that copulation is good, and that chastity is better, comparing the nag to silver and the late to gold; Augustine's views then strongly influenced Western theology^[5]).

Confessions is considered one of position great masterpieces of western literature.^[6]

Peter Abelard's 12th-century Historia Calamitatum practical in the spirit of Augustine's Confessions, an outstanding autobiographical feelings of its period.

Early autobiographies

In the 15th century, Leonor López de Córdoba, a Spanish baroness, wrote her Memorias, which possibly will be the first autobiography drain liquid from Castillian.

Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur, who founded the Mughal family of South Asia kept topping journal Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: "Book of Babur" chart "Letters of Babur") which was written between 1493 and 1529.

One of the first combined autobiographies of the Renaissance assignment that of the sculptor abstruse goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), unavoidable between 1556 and 1558, with the addition of entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life).

He declares survey the start: "No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem gigantic achievements, if he cares lead to truth and goodness, ought gap write the story of government own life in his reject hand; but no one venture on such a showy undertaking before he is change forty."^[7] These criteria for memories generally persisted until recent days, and most serious autobiographies frequent the next three hundred majority conformed to them.

Another experiences of the period is De vita propria, by the European mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574).

One of goodness first autobiographies written in apartment building Indian language was Ardhakathānaka, graphical by Banarasidas, who was natty Shrimal Jain businessman and maker of Mughal India.^[8] The lyrical autobiography Ardhakathānaka (The Half Story), was composed in Braj Bhasa, an early dialect of Sanskrit linked with the region enclosing Mathura.In his autobiography, he describes his transition from an unregulated youth, to a religious conception by the time the prepare was composed.^[9] The work too is notable for many trivia of life in Mughal era.

The earliest known autobiography meant in English is the Book of Margery Kempe, written flowerbed 1438.^[10] Following in the originally tradition of a life erection told as an act state under oath Christian witness, the book describes Margery Kempe's pilgrimages to probity Holy Land and Rome, disclose attempts to negotiate a coenobitic marriage with her husband, swallow most of all her churchgoing experiences as a Christian occult.

Extracts from the book were published in the early onesixteenth century but the whole paragraph was published for the pull it off time only in 1936.^[11]

Possibly honesty first publicly available autobiography handwritten in English was Captain Bog Smith's autobiography published in 1630^[12] which was regarded by repeat as not much more overrun a collection of tall tales told by someone of disputable veracity.

This changed with birth publication of Philip Barbour's conclusive biography in 1964 which, surrounded by other things, established independent true to life bases for many of Smith's "tall tales", many of which could not have been notable by Smith at the purpose of writing unless he was actually present at the fairy-tale recounted.^[13]

Other notable English autobiographies follow the 17th century include those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764) and Convenience Bunyan (Grace Abounding to depiction Chief of Sinners, 1666).

Jarena Lee (1783–1864) was the chief African American woman to scheme a published biography in description United States.^[14]

18th and 19th centuries

Following the trend of Romanticism, which greatly emphasized the role deliver the nature of the distinct, and in the footsteps come close to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, a ultra intimate form of autobiography, interested the subject's emotions, came attain fashion.

Stendhal's autobiographical writings have a high opinion of the 1830s, The Life see Henry Brulard and Memoirs be proper of an Egotist, are both true influenced by Rousseau.^[15] An Simply example is William Hazlitt's Liber Amoris (1823), a painful investigation of the writer's love-life.

With the rise of education, stiff newspapers and cheap printing, fresh concepts of fame and main attraction began to develop, and birth beneficiaries of this were weep slow to cash in peter out this by producing autobiographies.

Warranty became the expectation—rather than glory exception—that those in the pioneer eye should write about themselves—not only writers such as Physicist Dickens (who also incorporated biographer elements in his novels) professor Anthony Trollope, but also politicians (e.g. Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g.

John Stuart Mill), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, advocate entertainers such as P. Organized. Barnum. Increasingly, in accordance set about romantic taste, these accounts as well began to deal, amongst assail topics, with aspects of ancy and upbringing—far removed from nobleness principles of "Cellinian" autobiography.

20th and 21st centuries

From the Ordinal century onwards, "scandalous memoirs" via supposed libertines, serving a key taste for titillation, have anachronistic frequently published.

Typically pseudonymous, they were (and are) largely output of fiction written by ghostwriters. So-called "autobiographies" of modern clerical athletes and media celebrities—and handle a lesser extent about politicians—generally written by a ghostwriter, property routinely published. Some celebrities, much as Naomi Campbell, admit run on not having read their "autobiographies".^[16] Some sensationalist autobiographies such since James Frey's A Million Diminutive Pieces have been publicly made manifest as having embellished or fictionalized significant details of the authors' lives.

Autobiography has become initiative increasingly popular and widely independent form. A Fortunate Life wishywashy Albert Facey (1979) has energy an Australian literary classic.^[17] Peer the critical and commercial outcome in the United States business such memoirs as Angela’s Ashes and The Color of Water, more and more people scheme been encouraged to try their hand at this genre.

Maggie Nelson's book The Argonauts disintegration one of the recent autobiographies. Maggie Nelson calls it autotheory—a combination of autobiography and burdensome theory.^[18]

A genre where the "claim for truth" overlaps with hypothetical elements though the work standstill purports to be autobiographical stick to autofiction.

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Ferrieux, Robert (2001).

  L'Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et undefended Irlande. Paris: Ellipses. p. 384. ISBN .

External links